From 2d71071d9d58e3961ed386c268ba7864d6ef9054 2017-09-09 21:03:51 From: Tom Bannink Date: 2017-09-09 21:03:51 Subject: [PATCH] Add small update to splitting lemma proof --- diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex index 5b9c7eef507453c9bc3fe2144022f9edaca27806..107489a8f105c4f7e71169a4206feca1b6c7d134 100644 --- a/main.tex +++ b/main.tex @@ -592,10 +592,10 @@ Questions: We consider the following generalization of the Markov Chain. -Let $G=(V,E)$ be a graph with vertex set $V$ and edge set $E$. We define a Markov Chain $\mathcal{M}_G$ as the following process: initialize every vertex of $G$ independently to 0 with probability $p$ and 1 with probability $1-p$. Then at each step, select a uniformly random vertex that has value $0$ and resample it and its neighbourhood, all of them independently with the same probability $p$. The Markov Chain terminates when all vertices have value $1$. We use $\P^{G}$ to denote probabilities associated to this Markov Chain and $\E^G$ to denote expectation values. +Let $G=(V,E)$ be an undirected graph with vertex set $V$ and edge set $E$. We define a Markov Chain $\mathcal{M}_G$ as the following process: initialize every vertex of $G$ independently to 0 with probability $p$ and 1 with probability $1-p$. Then at each step, select a uniformly random vertex that has value $0$ and resample it and its neighbourhood, all of them independently with the same probability $p$. The Markov Chain terminates when all vertices have value $1$. We use $\P^{G}$ to denote probabilities associated to this Markov Chain and $\E^G$ to denote expectation values. \begin{definition}[Events and notation] \label{def:events} - Let $S\subseteq V$ be any subset of vertices. + Let $G=(V,E)$ be a graph. Let $S\subseteq V$ be any subset of vertices. \begin{itemize} \item Define $\Z{S}$ as the event that \emph{all} vertices in $S$ become zero at any point in time before the Markov Chain terminates. \item Define $\NZ{S}$ as the event that \emph{none} of the vertices in $S$ become zero at any point in time before the Markov Chain terminates. @@ -604,7 +604,8 @@ Let $G=(V,E)$ be a graph with vertex set $V$ and edge set $E$. We define a Marko \P^{G}_S(A) &= \P^{G}(A \mid \text{All vertices in $S$ get initialized to }1) \end{align*} The condition does not apply to subsequent resamplings of vertices in $S$, it only specifies the initial assignment. - \item Define the $d$-neighbourhood $B(S;d)$ of $S$ as the set of vertices reachable from $S$ within $d$ steps. + \item Define $G\setminus S$ as the graph obtained by removing from $G$ all vertices in $S$ and edges adjacent to $S$. + \item Define the $d$-neighbourhood $B^G(S;d)$ of $S$ as the set of vertices reachable from $S$ within $d$ steps. \item Define the boundary $\partial S$ of $S$ as the set of vertices adjacent to $S$, excluding $S$ itself. In other words $\partial S = B(S;1) \setminus S$. \end{itemize} \end{definition} @@ -627,14 +628,25 @@ The following Lemma says that if a set $S$ splits the graph in two, then those t We are considering three different Markov Chains and we will consider paths (i.e. resampling sequences) of them. We will use a superscript to denote to which Markov Chain a path belongs. Let $\xi^G \in \NZ{S}$ be a path of the Markov Chain associated to the resample process on the graph $G$, that satisfies the event $\NZ{S}$. From $\xi^G$ we will now construct paths $\xi^{G\setminus Y} \in \NZ{S}$ and $\xi^{G \setminus X} \in \NZ{S}$ of the other Markov Chains satisfying the corresponding events on those Markov Chains. Let us write the path $\xi^G$ as an initialization and a sequence of resamplings: - $$\xi^G=\left( (\text{initialize to }b), (z_1, v_1, r_1), (z_2, v_2, r_2), ..., (z_{|\xi^G|}, v_{|\xi^G|}, r_{|\xi^G|}) \right)$$ - where $1 \leq z_i \leq |V|$ denotes the number of zeroes in the state before the $i$th step, $v_i\in V$ denotes the site that was resampled and $r_i\in \{0,1\}^{d(v_i)+1}$ is the result of the resampled bits. Here $d(v_i)$ is the degree of vertex $v_i$. We have - \todo{from here} \begin{align*} - \P^{(n)}_b[\xi] &= \P(\text{pick }s_1 | z_1) \P(r_1) \P(\text{pick }s_2 | z_2) \P(r_2) \cdots \P(\text{pick }s_{|\xi|} | z_{|\xi|}) \P(r_{|\xi|}) \\ - &= \frac{1}{z_1} \P(r_1) \frac{1}{z_2} \P(r_2) \cdots \frac{1}{z_{|\xi|}} \P(r_{|\xi|}) . + \xi^G=\left( (\text{initialize to }b), (z_1, v_1, r_1), (z_2, v_2, r_2), ..., (z_{|\xi^G|}, v_{|\xi^G|}, r_{|\xi^G|}) \right) \end{align*} - To construct $\xi_1$ and $\xi_2$, start with $\xi_1 = \left( (\text{initialize }b_1) \right)$ and $\xi_2 = \left( (\text{initialize }b_2) \right)$. For each step $(z_i,s_i,r_i)$ in $\xi$ do the following: if $s_i$ is ``on the $b_1$ side of $v,w$'' then append $(z^{(1)}_i,s_i,r_i)$ to $\xi_1$ and if its ``on the $b_2$ side of $v,w$'' then append $(z^{(2)}_i,s_i,r_i)$ to $\xi_2$. Here $z^{(1)}_i$ is the number of zeroes that were on the $b_1$ side and $z^{(2)}_i$ is the number of zeroes on the $b_2$ side so we have $z_i = z^{(1)}_i + z^{(2)}_i$. + where $b\in\{0,1\}^V$ is the initial state, $1 \leq z_i \leq |V|$ denotes the number of zeroes in the state before the $i$th step, $v_i\in V$ denotes the site that was resampled and $r_i\in \{0,1\}^{d(v_i)+1}$ is the result of the resampled bits. Here $d(v_i)$ is the degree of vertex $v_i$. By definition of the resample process, we have + \begin{align*} + \P^{G}_S(\xi^G) &= + \P(\text{initialize }b \mid \text{initialize $S$ to }1) + \P(\text{pick }s_1 \mid z_1) \P(r_1) + \P(\text{pick }s_2 \mid z_2) \P(r_2) \cdots \\ + &= \frac{(1-p)^{|b|} p^{|V|-|b|}}{(1-p)^{|S|}} \cdot + \frac{1}{z_1} \P(r_1) \cdot + \frac{1}{z_2} \P(r_2) \cdots + \frac{1}{z_{|\xi^G|}} \P(r_{|\xi^G|}) . + \end{align*} + Let $b|_{G\setminus X}$ be the restriction of $b$ to $G\setminus X$ and similar for $b|_{G\setminus Y}$. + To construct $\xi^{G\setminus Y}$ and $\xi^{G\setminus X}$, start with $\xi^{G\setminus Y} = \left( (\text{initialize }b|_{G\setminus Y}) \right)$ and $\xi^{G\setminus X} = \left( (\text{initialize }b|_{G\setminus X}) \right)$. For each step $(z_i,v_i,r_i)$ in $\xi^G$ do the following: if $v_i \in X$ then append $(z^{X}_i,v_i,r_i)$ to $\xi^{G\setminus Y}$ and if $v_i \in Y$ then append $(z^{Y}_i,v_i,r_i)$ to $\xi^{G\setminus X}$. + Here $z^{X}_i$ is the number of zeroes that were in $X$ and $z^{Y}_i$ is the number of zeroes in $Y$. We have $z_i = z^{X}_i + z^{Y}_i$ because $\xi^G\in\NZ{S}$ so there can not be any zero in $S$; they all have to be in $X$ or $Y$. Furthermore, this also makes sure that we always have $v_i\in X$ or $v_i\in Y$ since only vertices that are zero can be chosen to resample. + + \todo{from here} %Let the resulting paths be %\begin{align*} % \xi_1 &= \left( (z^{(1)}_{a_1}, s_{a_1}, r_{a_1}), (z^{(1)}_{a_2}, s_{a_2}, r_{a_2}), ..., (z^{(1)}_{a_{|\xi_1|}}, s_{a_{|\xi_1|}}, r_{a_{|\xi_1|}}) \right) \\