Changeset - aae328d05379
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András Gilyén - 8 years ago 2017-09-10 15:54:26
gilyen@cwi.nl
Counter examplegitk --color-words!
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@@ -155,51 +155,53 @@
 
	\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%
 
		\begin{tabular}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccc}
 
			\backslashbox[10mm]{$n$}{$k$} & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15 & 16 & 17 & 18 & 19 & 20 \\		\hline
 
			3 &	0 & 1 & \cellcolor{blue!25}2 & 3+1/3 & 5.00 & 7.00 & 9.33 & 12.00 & 15.00 & 18.33 & 22.00 & 26.00 & 30.33 & 35.00 & 40.00 & 45.333 & 51.000 & 57.000 & 63.333 & 70.000 & 77.000 \\
 
			4 &	0 & 1 & 2 & \cellcolor{blue!25}3+2/3 & 6.16 & 9.66 & 14.3 & 20.33 & 27.83 & 37.00 & 48.00 & 61.00 & 76.16 & 93.66 & 113.6 & 136.33 & 161.83 & 190.33 & 222.00 & 257.00 & 295.50 \\
 
			5 &	0 & 1 & 2 & 3+2/3 & \cellcolor{blue!25}6.44 & 10.8 & 17.3 & 26.65 & 39.43 & 56.48 & 78.65 & 106.9 & 142.2 & 185.8 & 238.7 & 302.41 & 378.05 & 467.13 & 571.14 & 691.69 & 830.44 \\
 
			6 &	0 & 1 & 2 & 3+2/3 & 6.44 & \cellcolor{blue!25}11.0 & 18.5 & 30.02 & 47.10 & 71.68 & 106.0 & 152.9 & 215.4 & 297.4 & 403.1 & 537.21 & 705.25 & 913.31 & 1168.2 & 1477.4 & 1849.1 \\
 
			7 &	0 & 1 & 2 & 3+2/3 & 6.44 & 11.0 & \cellcolor{blue!25}18.7 & 31.21 & 50.83 & 80.80 & 125.3 & 189.7 & 280.8 & 407.0 & 578.6 & 808.13 & 1110.2 & 1502.6 & 2005.6 & 2643.2 & 3443.1 \\
 
			8 &	0 & 1 & 2 & 3+2/3 & 6.44 & 11.0 & 18.7 & \cellcolor{blue!25}31.44 & 52.08 & 84.95 & 136.0 & 213.6 & 328.9 & 496.5 & 735.6 & 1070.7 & 1532.5 & 2159.5 & 2998.8 & 4108.1 & 5556.7 \\
 
			9 &	0 & 1 & 2 & 3+2/3 & 6.44 & 11.0 & 18.7 & 31.44 & \cellcolor{blue!25}52.30 & 86.27 & 140.7 & 226.3 & 358.4 & 558.4 & 855.4 & 1289.0 & 1911.5 & 2791.4 & 4017.2 & 5701.4 & 7985.9 \\
 
			10&	0 & 1 & 2 & 3+2/3 & 6.44 & 11.0 & 18.7 & 31.44 & 52.30 & \cellcolor{blue!25}86.49 & 142.1 & 231.6 & 373.4 & 594.8 & 934.4 & 1447.1 & 2209.0 & 3324.6 & 4934.8 & 7226.9 & 10447. \\
 
            \vdots \\
 
            15& 0 & 1 & 2 & 3+2/3 & 6.44 & 11.08 & 18.76 & 31.45 & 52.31 & 86.49 & 142.33 & 233.31 & 381.17 & 621.02 & \cellcolor{blue!25}1009.38 & 1637.13 & % 2650.74 & 4285.68 & 6913.55 & 11171.2 & 18052.2
 
        \end{tabular}
 
	}
 
	\end{table}
 

	
 
	We observe that this is a power series in $p$. We discovered a very regular structure in this power series. It seems that for all $k\in\mathbb{N}$ and for all $n>k$ we have that $a^{(n)}_k$ is constant, this conjecture we verified using a computer up to $n=14$. 
 
	\newpage
 
	\noindent Based on our calculations presented in Table~\ref{tab:coeffs} and Figure~\ref{fig:coeffs_conv_radius} we make the following conjectures:
 
	\begin{enumerate}[label=(\roman*)]
 
		\item $\forall k\in\mathbb{N}, \forall n\geq 3 : a^{(n)}_k\geq 0$	\label{it:pos}	
 
        (A simpler version: $\forall k>0: a_k^{(3)}=(k+1)(k+2)/6$)
 
		\item $\forall k\in\mathbb{N}, \forall n>m\geq 3 : a^{(n)}_k\geq a^{(m)}_k$ \label{it:geq}		
 
		\item $\forall k\in\mathbb{N}, \forall n,m\geq \max(k,3) : a^{(n)}_k=a^{(m)}_k$ \label{it:const}		
 
		\item $\forall k\in\mathbb{N}, \forall n,m > \max(k,3) : a^{(n)}_k=a^{(m)}_k$ \label{it:const}		
 
  		\item $\exists p_c=\lim\limits_{k\rightarrow\infty}1\left/\sqrt[k]{a_{k}^{(k+1)}}\right.$ \label{it:lim}			
 
	\end{enumerate}
 
	\colorbox{red}{\ref{it:pos}-\ref{it:geq} is false since $a_{1114}^{(10)}<0$ -- needs to be double checked!}
 
	
 
	We also conjecture that $p_c\approx0.61$, see Figure~\ref{fig:coeffs_conv_radius}.
 

	
 
	\begin{figure}[!htb]\centering
 
	\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{coeffs_conv_radius.pdf}
 
	%\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{log_coeffs.pdf}	
 
	\caption{$1\left/\sqrt[k]{a_{k}^{(k+1)}}\right.$} %$\frac{1}{\sqrt[k]{a_k^{(k+1)}}}$
 
	\label{fig:coeffs_conv_radius}
 
	\end{figure}
 
    
 
    For reference, we also explicitly give formulas for $R^{(n)}(p)$ for small $n$. We also give them in terms of $q=1-p$ because they sometimes look nicer that way.
 
    \begin{align*}
 
    	R^{(3)}(p) &= \frac{1-(1-p)^3}{3(1-p)^3}
 
        			= \frac{1-q^3}{3q^3}\\
 
    	R^{(4)}(p) &= \frac{p(6-12p+10p^2-3p^3)}{6(1-p)^4}
 
                    = \frac{(1-q)(1+q+q^2+3q^3)}{6q^4}\\
 
        R^{(5)}(p) &= \frac{p(90-300p+435p^2-325p^3+136p^4-36p^5+6p^6)}{15(1-p)^5(6-2p+p^2)}\\
 
                   &= \frac{(1-q)(6+5q+6q^2+21q^3+46q^4+6q^6)}{15q^5(5+q^2)}
 
    \end{align*}
 
    For $n=3$ the system becomes very simple because regardless of the current state, the probability of going to $111$ is always equal to $(1-p)^3$. Therefore the expected number of resamplings is simply the expectation of a geometric distribution. This gives the formula for $R^{(3)}(p)$ as shown above. Note that the $k$-th coefficient of the powerseries of a function $f(p)$ is given by $\frac{1}{k!}\left.\frac{d^k f}{dp^k}\right|_{p=0}$, i.e. the $k$-th derivative to $p$ evaluated at $0$ divided by $k!$. For the function $R^{(3)}(p) =\frac{(1-p)^{-3} - 1}{3} $ this yields $a^{(3)}_k = (k+2)(k+1)/6$ for $k\geq 1$ and $a^{(3)}_0=0$.
 

	
 
    We can do the same for $n=4,5$, which gives, for $k\geq 1$ (with Mathematica):
 
    \begin{align*}
 
        a^{(3)}_k &= \frac{(k+2)(k+1)}{6}\\
 
        a^{(4)}_k &= \frac{1}{6}\left(2+\frac{(k+3)(k+2)(k+1)}{6}\right)\\
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