CSY/reowolf Changeset - 031c9d14adaa · Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)

Changeset - 031c9d14adaa

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MH - 4 years ago 2021-07-27 14:55:04
contact@maxhenger.nl

Merge branch 'feat-bytecode'

Adds size/alignment/offset computations to the type system and detects
potentially infinite types. If the type is potentially infinite but
contains a union that can break that type loop, then all other variants
of that union are supposed to be allocated on the heap. If the type
is potentially infinite but cannot be broken up, then we throw the
appropriate error.

The size/alignment/offset computations are not yet employed in the
runtime. But prepares Reowolf for a proper bytecode/IR implementation.

5 files changed:

docs/types/infinite_types.md

281

src/protocol/ast.rs

157

src/protocol/ast_printer.rs

src/protocol/parser/mod.rs

src/protocol/parser/pass_definitions.rs

Changeset was too big and was cut off... Show full diff anyway

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docs/types/infinite_types.md

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@@ new file 100644 @@
 # Dealing with "Infinite Types" in a Value-Based Language
 ## The Problem
 In many languages constructing `struct`s with members that, when expanded, end up having a field that refers to the struct itself by value is illegal. This makes sense because, firstly, one could never actually construct such a `struct`, if one would want to construct a literal then one would be typing an infinite amount of time. Secondly, because even if the struct could be constructed, one would have to take up an infinite amount of memory. As a practical example: a binary tree can conceptually grow to an infinite size, and such an infinite tree cannot be constructed.
 And so, in low-level programming languages one would replace these with pointers (or something equivalent) in order to deal with both points. The first point is no longer true, because the pointer can be `null` (in the example: this would terminate a node in the tree, making it a leaf of the tree). And secondly the size is no longer infinite and is calculable because a pointer will always have a fixed size.
 In Reowolf we have value-based semantics. To have reasonable cache coherency, quick `struct`/`union` member access, and prevent memory (de)allocation overhead we want to put as much values onto a stack-like construct. For this reason we would like to precalculate the alignment and offset of each type and its members.
 Point one above still stands: if one wishes to construct a type that never terminates, then the compiler should throw an error. An example of which would be:
 ```pdl
 // Simple truly infinite type
 struct Infinite {
     Infinite member,
+}
 // Infinite type of cycle length 2
 struct Left { Right other }
 struct Right { Left other }
 // Infinite type of cycle length 3
 struct A { B b }
 struct B { C c }
 struct C { A a }
 // Etcetera
 // But we can also do this using unions
 union A { B(B), C(C) }
 union B { A(A), C(C) }
 union C { A(A), B(B) }
 ```
 If one wishes to express a type whose value causes it to terminate somewhere, the only option in this language is to use `union`s to indicate the optionality of a certain member. For example:
 ```pdl
 // One option, allows setting branches individually
 union Option<T>{ Some(T), None }
 struct U32TreeExample {
     u32 value,
     Option<TreeExample> left,
     Option<TreeExample> right,
+}
 // Another option, must be a well-formed binary tree
 union U32TreeLink {
     Leaf,
     Node(U32TreeLink, U32TreeLink)
+}
 struct U32TreeNode {
     u32 value,
     U32TreeLink link,
+}
 // Another kind of thing
 union List<T> {
     End,
     Entry(T, List<T>)
+}
 ```
 These are all valid types, and we should be able to express them, but naively calculating their size causes one to run into issues.
 ## Onwards to an Algorithm
 So far one can see that `struct`s and `union`s are the elements that might constitute an infinite type. All of the other types (user defined `enum`s and all of the builtins like `u32`, `string`, `s64`, etc.) do not have any members and have a fixed size. Whenever there is a union in the type, we might have a type that is not truly infinite, but may terminate somewhere.
 Imagine a graph containing all user-defined `struct` and `union` types. The edges in this graph are directional, and indicate that one type is embedded in the other. It is important to construct this graph on a per-member basis. `struct` members may have one edge running towards it, coming from the member's type. `union`s can have multiple edges running towards it, one for each embedded type in the union member. Note that types may refer to themselves.
 Having constructed this graph, one can visualise the potentially infinite types by loops in the graph. A struct is potentially infinite if one of its members is part of a loop. A union is potentially infinite if all of its members are part of a loop. A potentially infinite type is a truly infinite type if the relevant loops all contain potentially infinite types. Or, conversely: a potentially infinite type is not actually infinite if the relevant loops contain a union that is not potentially infinite.
 More practically: a potentially infinite struct (implying that at least one of its members is part of a type loop) is not infinite if each of its "looped members" is part of a loop which contains a non-infinite union. Likewise, a potentially infinite union (implying that all of its members are part of a loop) is not actually infinite if, for one of its members that contains a set of loops (because a union can embed multiple types per variant), each of those loops contain a non-infinite union.
 And finally, in human terms: a type is not actually infinite if, given enough time, a programmer can express a literal of that type. So one may type (using the examples above):
 ```pdl
 auto thing = List::Entry(3, List::Entry(2, List::Entry(1, List::End)));
 auto flong = U32TreeExample{
     value: 0,
     left: Option::Some(U32TreeExample{
         value: 1,
         left: Option::None
     },
     right: Option::None
+}
 ```
 But one simply cannot express:
 ```pdl
 auto cannot_construct = A::B(B::C(C::A(A::C(C::B( /* onwards, to infinity )))));
 ```
 Now we arrive at several conditions to end up at a concrete algorithm. Firsly we have that types whose literals are expressable should be constructable in the language. Secondly, for the performance reasons mentioned above we would like to specify the memory layout for each type. So that includes the size and alignment of the type itself, and the offset (with implicit alignment and size) of each of its members. Thirdly, because we're going to have to put pointers somewhere in the aforementioned type loops (necessarily, because we have variably sized values, we need to perform some kind of allocation somewhere, hence we need to have pointers somewhere), we need these pointers to be placed consistently throughout the code. This last point is a design decision: we could decide to have some types including pointers to members, and some types excluding pointers to members. This would then require special conversion functions implemented when two values of the same type, but with a different memory layout, are converted into one another. This on top of the fact that each of the types containing a pointer will require a constructor and a destructor. Finally, albeit this point looks ahead a bit at the implementation, we desire that subsequent compilations of the same files, but potentially in a different order, result in the same layout of each of the types.
 We may observe that only unions may break up potentially infinite types. So for each loop that contains a non-infinite union we need at least one union that is implemented using some kind of pointer. There are multiple ways we can fix the byte size of the union, thereby breaking the type loop:
 . Make each instance of the union a pointer to the data in that union: both the tag and the potentially embedded values. This has the upside of being relatively simple to implement. Furthermore the union itself will just have a fixed size. The downside is that for a tag lookup we have to follow the pointer, generally causing cache misses in the case that we just want to check the tag.
 . Keep the tag in a union value, but dynamically allocate all of the contents. This way the size of a union value becomes a tag and a pointer. On 32-bit systems this is most likely fine, on 64-bit systems (which is the norm, if we're not talking about embedded computers) alignment will generally cause the union size to bloat to 16-bytes. This kind of implementation has two subcases to consider.
     - Allocate as much memory as the maximum union variant. This way changing the union variant will not force a reallocation. Instead we can use up the allocated memory.
     - Allocate as much memory as the variant requires. This way we will not waste any memory, at the cost of having to reallocate when the variant is changed.
 . Keep the tag in the union value, with the same up- and downsides as the previous point. Then dynamically allocate the members of the variants (that is, if we have `union Foo { Bar(CyclicType, u64, u64), Qux }`, then we will just make `CyclicType` a pointer). The obvious downside is that changing variants might cause (de)allocations. And if we have multiple members that cause a loop then we need to allocate each of them. The upside is that when we're only accessing the non-pointer members that they're likely already in the cache.
 There are many more tiny variants here that are not explicitly stated. I'll document my reasons for choosing the variant I think works best:
 - The whole idea of breaking the type cycles is not to allocate an infinite amount of memory, so always allocating the union is naturally out of the question. Furthermore type loops will generally only occur in particular datastructures that are potentially infinite: trees, linked lists, hashmaps, etc.
 - The contract when using a union is that the byte size of a union value is the size of the largest member plus the size of the tag (plus padding). So allocating the union just once, with enough size to fit all possible allocated variants seems like a good idea to me. I suspect that in most cases these unions will express something along the lines of: there is nothing, or there is nothing.
 Finally, as a note: all of this type-loop checking has to be performed per monomorphization. A polymorphic type specification itself does not need to be checked for type loops.
 Lastly, we have to consider the point of making sure that multiple compilations, where the AST is constructed in a different order, hence where the types are "discovered" in a different order, will result in the same types. As a rather simple solution, instead of just marking one union in the type loop as pointerlike, all of the unions in the type loops will be implemented using some kind of pointer scheme.
 ## Concluding on the Algorithm
 As an initial conclusion:
 - All non-infinite unions in type loops are implemented using dynamic allocation to break the type loops and to prevent potentially infinite types from being truly infinite.
 - The tag of the union will be a non-allocated value associated with the union. Considering that most of the time these kinds of unions will represent an option-like type (there is one more entry in the linked list, there is one more node in the tree, etc.) I think it is nice to not have cache misses when checking whether a value is present, or whether it is not present.
 - Considering that we cannot allocate all of the time (because then we will still end up with an infinite amount of allocated memory), but I do not currently want to implement very complicated logic in the compiler for handling memory allocations, I will initially implement the following scheme: all union variants that do not contain any types part of a type loop will be stored on the stack, contributing to the byte size of the union. All variants that do contain such types will be fully allocated on the heap in one allocation. The size of the allocated region will be the size of the largest variant that requires dynamic allocation.
 ## Rough Specification of the Algorithm
 I might be missing some stuff here, that stuff will probably pop up while I'm implementing this:
+-
    Perform the basic pre-compilation for symbol discovery and definition discovery. This constructs the AST such that we can parse the AST to determine what fields are present on each `struct` and what variants are used in each `union`.
+-
     For each type added to the type table (including monomorphs where we have all of the polymorphic variables fully specified), we will traverse all of the members and their types. For each type we will check if was already checked not to be cyclic. If it was already completely checked, then all types up until the most recently checked type cannot be cyclic (another member might still make them cyclic). If the type was not completely checked, but previously encountered in our search for loops, then all of types from the first encounter of that type are considered part of a type loop.
+-
     Note that this algorithm is recursive in the sense that for structs we need to check each member for type loops. For unions we need to check each embedded type in each variant. So when we encounter a type loop for a specific set of members, we walk back and mark each of the unions along the way as requiring allocation. If there were no such unions then we immediately return an error. We keep all of the unions that require allocation around in a list.
+-
    While we're doing the above, if we encounter a union who has a member that does not exist in a type loop then we mark it as non-infinite.
+-
    After all of the above is done, we need to check all of the unions we have encountered. Necessarily if we started with a particular type, and recursively checked all of the embedded types, then we will discover *all* type loops. If none of the unions is non-infinite, then we throw an error (which might be kind of hard, because what kind of error do we show in the case of the `union A; union B; union C;` example?). With the algorithm above, we now know that if there are type loops, that each of them contains at least one union. With the condition that there is at least one non-infinite union we now know that the type is expressable. The constructed list of unions only contains unions that were part of a type loop.
    With that knowledge, to guarantee consistent compilation, we will decide to make each union in each type loop, whether it is infinite or non-infinite, a pointerlike union.
+-
    A pointerlike union's value will consist of a tag, plus reserved size (with the proper alignment) for the largest non-pointerlike union variant if it is larger than the size of a pointer on the particular machine. If it is smaller, than we just need a tag, and a pointer that is properly aligned. So the union value will have a fixed size that is not dependent on the types that were part of the type cycle. I'll call the variants that were not part of type cycles "value variants", and parts that *were* part of type cycles "pointer variants".
 Then, during runtime, as an initial implementation (we could be smarter if we know the old value and know the new value, but that would take a lot of static analysis, we're not yet at that point in the compiler), we will check the tag value whether the old and new values are pointers. If the old and new variants are both pointer variants, or when they're both value variants, then we do not (re)allocate. If we go from a value variant to a pointer variant then we allocate. If we go from a pointer variant to a value variant then we deallocate.
 ## Some Examples of the Algorithm
 I wrote these before I started writing all of the above, I'll keep it here for some concrete examples of the algorithm.
 ### Truly Infinite Example with Structs
 ```pdl
 // Most simple case
 struct SelfReferential{ SelfReferential field }
 // Slightly more complicated case
 struct DualA { DualB b }
 struct DualB { DualA a }
 ```
 In some sense we would be able to compute the sizes of these datastructures, we simply make their fields pointers. Let's assume 64 bit systems for all of these examples. For just the first case we would then have that `SelfReferential` has a size of 8 bytes. However, we always need to allocate its member `field`. So this would always take up an infinite amount of memory. We disallow this case because we would never be able to construct a literal of these kinds of datatypes.
 ### Truly Infinite Example with Unions
 ```pdl
 struct S { UOne one, UTwo two }
 union UOne { Struct(S), One(UOne), Two(UTwo) }
 union UTwo { One(UOne), Two(UTwo) }
 ```
 Again, here we have a case where we can compute the sizes. We make the unions have pointerlike contents. So the unions will be 16 bytes (8 bytes for the tag and padding for pointer alignment, then an 8 byte pointer). Hence the struct will be 32 bytes. But once more we can never construct a literal and instantiating an element would always take up an infinite amount of memory.
 ### Slightly Ambiguous Example
 With the following example we get one union which is non-infinite.
 ```pdl
 struct SEnd { u32 some_value }
 struct SMiddle {
    SEnd this_ends,
    UOne union_one,
    UTwo union_two,
+}
 union UOne { One(UOne), Two(UTwo), Struct(SMiddle) }
 union UTwo { One(UOne), Two(UTwo), End(u32) }
 ```
 If we draw the type graph, we get something like:
 ```pdl
 +--------+        +---------+        +-------+        +-------+
 | struct |        | struct  | <----- | union | <----- | union |
 | SEnd   | -----> | SMiddle | -----> | UOne  | -----> | UTwo  |
 +--------+        +---------+        +-------+        +-------+
                                       |     ^          |     ^
                                       |     |          |     |
                                       \-----/          \-----/
 ```
 For this case we can actually always construct a literal of `SMiddle`. Viewing the literal as a tree (each node a type instance) then we can terminate the tree branches using `UTwo::End`. However, if we would just make `UTwo` pointerlike, we cannot compute the size of `UOne` (it contains a reference to itself, so would grow infinitely in size). This hints at that we should make `UOne` pointerlike as well.
 ### Slightly Ambiguous Example, Version 2
 Not really ambiguous, but just to show that not all unions which are part of a connected type graph need to be turned into pointerlike unions.
 ```pdl
 union Value {
     Unsigned(u64),
     Signed(s64),
     Undefined
+}
 struct Node {
     Value value,
     Children children
+}
 union Children {
     One(Node),
     Two(Node, Node),
     None
+}
 ```
 We get a cycle between `Node` and `Children`, so we would want to implement `Children` as being pointerlike. But we don't have to make `Value` pointerlike. In terms of the described algorithm: `Value` is not part of a type loop, so is not considered a candidate for being pointerlike.
 ### Slightly Ambigious Example, Version 3
 Contains part of the type graph that is not part of a type loop. So the associated union should not be pointerlike.
 ```pdl
 // Parts that are outside of the type loop
 struct SOutside {
     UOutside next,
+}
 union UOutside {
     Next(SInside)
+}
 // Parts that are inside the type loop
 struct SInside {
     UInside next,
+}
 union UInside {
     Next(SInside),
     NoNext,
+}
 ```
 Here `UInside` should become pointerlike, but `UOutside` should remain a normal value.
 ### Which Union Breaks the Cycle?
 ```pdl
 struct S { UOne one }
 union UOne { Two(UTwo), Nope }
 union UTwo { Struct(S), Nope }
 ```
 Here we see that we have a type loop to which both unions contribute. We can either lay out `UOne` as pointerlike, or `UTwo`. Both would allow us to calculate the size of the types and make the type expressable. However we need consistent compilation. For this reason and this reason only (because it is much more efficient to only lay out one of the unions as a pointer) we have to make both unions pointerlike. Perhaps in the future some other consistent metric can be applied.
 ### Does it even Matter?
 ```pdl
 // Obviously doesn't use `T`
 enum Something<T> { A, B }
 // So this should be fine
 struct Foo {
     Something<Foo> some_member,
+}
 ```
 Here we have a struct `Foo` that has a reliance on `Something<Foo>`, but this shouldn't case a type loop. Because `Foo` doesn't actually appear in `Something`. So whatever algorithm we come up with should resolve member types not by iterating over each individual type, but by attempting to instantiate a monomorph of that type, then to check the members of that monomorph.
@@ \ No newline at end of file @@

src/protocol/ast.rs

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@@ @@ -113,1051 +113,1199 @@ macro_rules! define_new_ast_id { @@
 define_aliased_ast_id!(RootId, Id<Root>, index(Root, protocol_descriptions), alloc(alloc_protocol_description));
 define_aliased_ast_id!(PragmaId, Id<Pragma>, index(Pragma, pragmas), alloc(alloc_pragma));
 define_aliased_ast_id!(ImportId, Id<Import>, index(Import, imports), alloc(alloc_import));
 define_aliased_ast_id!(VariableId, Id<Variable>, index(Variable, variables), alloc(alloc_variable));
 define_aliased_ast_id!(DefinitionId, Id<Definition>, index(Definition, definitions));
 define_new_ast_id!(StructDefinitionId, DefinitionId, index(StructDefinition, Definition::Struct, definitions), alloc(alloc_struct_definition));
 define_new_ast_id!(EnumDefinitionId, DefinitionId, index(EnumDefinition, Definition::Enum, definitions), alloc(alloc_enum_definition));
 define_new_ast_id!(UnionDefinitionId, DefinitionId, index(UnionDefinition, Definition::Union, definitions), alloc(alloc_union_definition));
 define_new_ast_id!(ComponentDefinitionId, DefinitionId, index(ComponentDefinition, Definition::Component, definitions), alloc(alloc_component_definition));
 define_new_ast_id!(FunctionDefinitionId, DefinitionId, index(FunctionDefinition, Definition::Function, definitions), alloc(alloc_function_definition));
 define_aliased_ast_id!(StatementId, Id<Statement>, index(Statement, statements));
 define_new_ast_id!(BlockStatementId, StatementId, index(BlockStatement, Statement::Block, statements), alloc(alloc_block_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(EndBlockStatementId, StatementId, index(EndBlockStatement, Statement::EndBlock, statements), alloc(alloc_end_block_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(LocalStatementId, StatementId, index(LocalStatement, Statement::Local, statements), alloc(alloc_local_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(MemoryStatementId, LocalStatementId);
 define_new_ast_id!(ChannelStatementId, LocalStatementId);
 define_new_ast_id!(LabeledStatementId, StatementId, index(LabeledStatement, Statement::Labeled, statements), alloc(alloc_labeled_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(IfStatementId, StatementId, index(IfStatement, Statement::If, statements), alloc(alloc_if_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(EndIfStatementId, StatementId, index(EndIfStatement, Statement::EndIf, statements), alloc(alloc_end_if_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(WhileStatementId, StatementId, index(WhileStatement, Statement::While, statements), alloc(alloc_while_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(EndWhileStatementId, StatementId, index(EndWhileStatement, Statement::EndWhile, statements), alloc(alloc_end_while_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(BreakStatementId, StatementId, index(BreakStatement, Statement::Break, statements), alloc(alloc_break_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(ContinueStatementId, StatementId, index(ContinueStatement, Statement::Continue, statements), alloc(alloc_continue_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(SynchronousStatementId, StatementId, index(SynchronousStatement, Statement::Synchronous, statements), alloc(alloc_synchronous_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(EndSynchronousStatementId, StatementId, index(EndSynchronousStatement, Statement::EndSynchronous, statements), alloc(alloc_end_synchronous_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(ReturnStatementId, StatementId, index(ReturnStatement, Statement::Return, statements), alloc(alloc_return_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(GotoStatementId, StatementId, index(GotoStatement, Statement::Goto, statements), alloc(alloc_goto_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(NewStatementId, StatementId, index(NewStatement, Statement::New, statements), alloc(alloc_new_statement));
 define_new_ast_id!(ExpressionStatementId, StatementId, index(ExpressionStatement, Statement::Expression, statements), alloc(alloc_expression_statement));
 define_aliased_ast_id!(ExpressionId, Id<Expression>, index(Expression, expressions));
 define_new_ast_id!(AssignmentExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(AssignmentExpression, Expression::Assignment, expressions), alloc(alloc_assignment_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(BindingExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(BindingExpression, Expression::Binding, expressions), alloc(alloc_binding_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(ConditionalExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(ConditionalExpression, Expression::Conditional, expressions), alloc(alloc_conditional_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(BinaryExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(BinaryExpression, Expression::Binary, expressions), alloc(alloc_binary_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(UnaryExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(UnaryExpression, Expression::Unary, expressions), alloc(alloc_unary_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(IndexingExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(IndexingExpression, Expression::Indexing, expressions), alloc(alloc_indexing_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(SlicingExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(SlicingExpression, Expression::Slicing, expressions), alloc(alloc_slicing_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(SelectExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(SelectExpression, Expression::Select, expressions), alloc(alloc_select_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(LiteralExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(LiteralExpression, Expression::Literal, expressions), alloc(alloc_literal_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(CastExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(CastExpression, Expression::Cast, expressions), alloc(alloc_cast_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(CallExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(CallExpression, Expression::Call, expressions), alloc(alloc_call_expression));
 define_new_ast_id!(VariableExpressionId, ExpressionId, index(VariableExpression, Expression::Variable, expressions), alloc(alloc_variable_expression));
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Heap {
     // Root arena, contains the entry point for different modules. Each root
     // contains lists of IDs that correspond to the other arenas.
     pub(crate) protocol_descriptions: Arena<Root>,
     // Contents of a file, these are the elements the `Root` elements refer to
     pragmas: Arena<Pragma>,
     pub(crate) imports: Arena<Import>,
     pub(crate) variables: Arena<Variable>,
     pub(crate) definitions: Arena<Definition>,
     pub(crate) statements: Arena<Statement>,
     pub(crate) expressions: Arena<Expression>,
+}
 impl Heap {
     pub fn new() -> Heap {
         Heap {
             // string_alloc: StringAllocator::new(),
             protocol_descriptions: Arena::new(),
             pragmas: Arena::new(),
             imports: Arena::new(),
             variables: Arena::new(),
             definitions: Arena::new(),
             statements: Arena::new(),
             expressions: Arena::new(),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn alloc_memory_statement(
         &mut self,
         f: impl FnOnce(MemoryStatementId) -> MemoryStatement,
     ) -> MemoryStatementId {
         MemoryStatementId(LocalStatementId(self.statements.alloc_with_id(|id| {
             Statement::Local(LocalStatement::Memory(
                 f(MemoryStatementId(LocalStatementId(id)))
             ))
         })))
+    }
     pub fn alloc_channel_statement(
         &mut self,
         f: impl FnOnce(ChannelStatementId) -> ChannelStatement,
     ) -> ChannelStatementId {
         ChannelStatementId(LocalStatementId(self.statements.alloc_with_id(|id| {
             Statement::Local(LocalStatement::Channel(
                 f(ChannelStatementId(LocalStatementId(id)))
             ))
         })))
+    }
+}
 impl Index<MemoryStatementId> for Heap {
     type Output = MemoryStatement;
     fn index(&self, index: MemoryStatementId) -> &Self::Output {
         &self.statements[index.0.0].as_memory()
+    }
+}
 impl Index<ChannelStatementId> for Heap {
     type Output = ChannelStatement;
     fn index(&self, index: ChannelStatementId) -> &Self::Output {
         &self.statements[index.0.0].as_channel()
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Root {
     pub this: RootId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     // pub position: InputPosition,
     pub pragmas: Vec<PragmaId>,
     pub imports: Vec<ImportId>,
     pub definitions: Vec<DefinitionId>,
+}
 impl Root {
     pub fn get_definition_ident(&self, h: &Heap, id: &[u8]) -> Option<DefinitionId> {
         for &def in self.definitions.iter() {
             if h[def].identifier().value.as_bytes() == id {
                 return Some(def);
+            }
+        }
         None
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum Pragma {
     Version(PragmaVersion),
     Module(PragmaModule),
+}
 impl Pragma {
     pub(crate) fn as_module(&self) -> &PragmaModule {
         match self {
             Pragma::Module(pragma) => pragma,
             _ => unreachable!("Tried to obtain {:?} as PragmaModule", self),
+        }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PragmaVersion {
     pub this: PragmaId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of full pragma
     pub version: u64,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PragmaModule {
     pub this: PragmaId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of full pragma
     pub value: Identifier,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum Import {
     Module(ImportModule),
     Symbols(ImportSymbols)
+}
 impl Import {
     pub(crate) fn span(&self) -> InputSpan {
         match self {
             Import::Module(v) => v.span,
             Import::Symbols(v) => v.span,
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_module(&self) -> &ImportModule {
         match self {
             Import::Module(m) => m,
             _ => unreachable!("Unable to cast 'Import' to 'ImportModule'")
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_symbols(&self) -> &ImportSymbols {
         match self {
             Import::Symbols(m) => m,
             _ => unreachable!("Unable to cast 'Import' to 'ImportSymbols'")
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_symbols_mut(&mut self) -> &mut ImportSymbols {
         match self {
             Import::Symbols(m) => m,
             _ => unreachable!("Unable to cast 'Import' to 'ImportSymbols'")
+        }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ImportModule {
     pub this: ImportId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub module: Identifier,
     pub alias: Identifier,
     pub module_id: RootId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct AliasedSymbol {
     pub name: Identifier,
     pub alias: Option<Identifier>,
     pub definition_id: DefinitionId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ImportSymbols {
     pub this: ImportId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub module: Identifier,
     pub module_id: RootId,
     pub symbols: Vec<AliasedSymbol>,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Identifier {
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub value: StringRef<'static>,
+}
 impl PartialEq for Identifier {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         return self.value == other.value
+    }
+}
 impl Display for Identifier {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.value.as_str())
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ParserTypeVariant {
     // Special builtin, only usable by the compiler and not constructable by the
     // programmer
     Void,
     InputOrOutput,
     ArrayLike,
     IntegerLike,
     // Basic builtin
     Message,
     Bool,
     UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64,
     SInt8, SInt16, SInt32, SInt64,
     Character, String,
     // Literals (need to get concrete builtin type during typechecking)
     IntegerLiteral,
     // Marker for inference
     Inferred,
     // Builtins expecting one subsequent type
     Array,
     Input,
     Output,
     // User-defined types
     PolymorphicArgument(DefinitionId, u32), // u32 = index into polymorphic variables
     Definition(DefinitionId, u32), // u32 = number of subsequent types in the type tree.
+}
 impl ParserTypeVariant {
     pub(crate) fn num_embedded(&self) -> usize {
         use ParserTypeVariant::*;
         match self {
             Void | IntegerLike |
             Message | Bool |
             UInt8 | UInt16 | UInt32 | UInt64 |
             SInt8 | SInt16 | SInt32 | SInt64 |
             Character | String | IntegerLiteral |
             Inferred | PolymorphicArgument(_, _) =>
 ,
             ArrayLike | InputOrOutput | Array | Input | Output =>
 ,
             Definition(_, num) => *num as usize,
+        }
+    }
+}
 /// ParserTypeElement is an element of the type tree. An element may be
 /// implicit, meaning that the user didn't specify the type, but it was set by
 /// the compiler.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ParserTypeElement {
     // TODO: @Fix span
     pub element_span: InputSpan, // span of this element, not including the child types
     pub variant: ParserTypeVariant,
+}
 /// ParserType is a specification of a type during the parsing phase and initial
 /// linker/validator phase of the compilation process. These types may be
 /// (partially) inferred or represent literals (e.g. a integer whose bytesize is
 /// not yet determined).
 ///
 /// Its contents are the depth-first serialization of the type tree. Each node
 /// is a type that may accept polymorphic arguments. The polymorphic arguments
 /// are then the children of the node.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ParserType {
     pub elements: Vec<ParserTypeElement>,
     pub full_span: InputSpan,
+}
 impl ParserType {
     pub(crate) fn iter_embedded(&self, parent_idx: usize) -> ParserTypeIter {
         ParserTypeIter::new(&self.elements, parent_idx)
+    }
+}
 /// Iterator over the embedded elements of a specific element.
 pub struct ParserTypeIter<'a> {
     pub elements: &'a [ParserTypeElement],
     pub cur_embedded_idx: usize,
+}
 impl<'a> ParserTypeIter<'a> {
     fn new(elements: &'a [ParserTypeElement], parent_idx: usize) -> Self {
         debug_assert!(parent_idx < elements.len(), "parent index exceeds number of elements in ParserType");
         if elements[0].variant.num_embedded() == 0 {
             // Parent element does not have any embedded types, place
             // `cur_embedded_idx` at end so we will always return `None`
             Self{ elements, cur_embedded_idx: elements.len() }
         } else {
             // Parent element has an embedded type
             Self{ elements, cur_embedded_idx: parent_idx + 1 }
+        }
+    }
+}
 impl<'a> Iterator for ParserTypeIter<'a> {
     type Item = &'a [ParserTypeElement];
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
         let elements_len = self.elements.len();
         if self.cur_embedded_idx >= elements_len {
             return None;
+        }
         // Seek to the end of the subtree
         let mut depth = 1;
         let start_element = self.cur_embedded_idx;
         while self.cur_embedded_idx < elements_len {
             let cur_element = &self.elements[self.cur_embedded_idx];
             let depth_change = cur_element.variant.num_embedded() as i32 - 1;
             depth += depth_change;
             debug_assert!(depth >= 0, "illegally constructed ParserType: {:?}", self.elements);
             self.cur_embedded_idx += 1;
             if depth == 0 {
                 break;
+            }
+        }
         debug_assert!(depth == 0, "illegally constructed ParserType: {:?}", self.elements);
         return Some(&self.elements[start_element..self.cur_embedded_idx]);
+    }
+}
 /// ConcreteType is the representation of a type after the type inference and
 /// checker is finished. These are fully typed.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum ConcreteTypePart {
     // Special types (cannot be explicitly constructed by the programmer)
     Void,
     // Builtin types without nested types
     Message,
     Bool,
     UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64,
     SInt8, SInt16, SInt32, SInt64,
     Character, String,
     // Builtin types with one nested type
     Array,
     Slice,
     Input,
     Output,
     // User defined type with any number of nested types
     Instance(DefinitionId, u32),
     Instance(DefinitionId, u32),    // instance of data type
     Function(DefinitionId, u32),    // instance of function
     Component(DefinitionId, u32),   // instance of a connector
+}
 impl ConcreteTypePart {
     fn num_embedded(&self) -> u32 {
         use ConcreteTypePart::*;
         match self {
             Void | Message | Bool |
             UInt8 | UInt16 | UInt32 | UInt64 |
             SInt8 | SInt16 | SInt32 | SInt64 |
             Character | String =>
 ,
             Array | Slice | Input | Output =>
 ,
             Instance(_, num_embedded) => *num_embedded,
             Function(_, num_embedded) => *num_embedded,
             Component(_, num_embedded) => *num_embedded,
+        }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ConcreteType {
     pub(crate) parts: Vec<ConcreteTypePart>
+}
 impl Default for ConcreteType {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self{ parts: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
 impl ConcreteType {
     /// Returns an iterator over the subtrees that are type arguments (e.g. an
     /// array element's type, or a polymorphic type's arguments) to the
     /// provided parent type (specified by its index in the `parts` array).
     pub(crate) fn embedded_iter<'a>(&'a self, parent_part_idx: usize) -> ConcreteTypeIter<'a> {
         let num_embedded = self.parts[parent_part_idx].num_embedded();
         return ConcreteTypeIter{
             concrete: self,
             idx_embedded: 0,
             num_embedded,
             part_idx: parent_part_idx + 1,
+        }
+    }
     /// Given the starting position of a type tree, determine the exclusive
     /// ending index.
     pub(crate) fn subtree_end_idx(&self, start_idx: usize) -> usize {
         let mut depth = 1;
         let num_parts = self.parts.len();
         debug_assert!(start_idx < num_parts);
         for part_idx in start_idx..self.parts.len() {
             let depth_change = self.parts[part_idx].num_embedded() as i32 - 1;
             depth += depth_change;
             debug_assert!(depth >= 0);
             if depth == 0 {
                 return part_idx + 1;
+            }
+        }
         debug_assert!(false, "incorrectly constructed ConcreteType instance");
         return 0;
+    }
     /// Construct a human-readable name for the type. Because this performs
     /// a string allocation don't use it for anything else then displaying the
     /// type to the user.
     pub(crate) fn display_name(&self, heap: &Heap) -> String {
         fn display_part(parts: &[ConcreteTypePart], heap: &Heap, mut idx: usize, target: &mut String) -> usize {
             use ConcreteTypePart as CTP;
             use crate::protocol::parser::token_parsing::*;
             let cur_idx = idx;
             idx += 1; // increment by 1, because it always happens
             match parts[cur_idx] {
                 CTP::Void => { target.push_str("void"); },
                 CTP::Message => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_MESSAGE_STR); },
                 CTP::Bool => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_BOOL_STR); },
                 CTP::UInt8 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT8_STR); },
                 CTP::UInt16 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT16_STR); },
                 CTP::UInt32 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT32_STR); },
                 CTP::UInt64 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT64_STR); },
                 CTP::SInt8 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT8_STR); },
                 CTP::SInt16 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT16_STR); },
                 CTP::SInt32 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT32_STR); },
                 CTP::SInt64 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT64_STR); },
                 CTP::Character => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_CHAR_STR); },
                 CTP::String => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_STRING_STR); },
                 CTP::Array | CTP::Slice => {
                     idx = display_part(parts, heap, idx, target);
                     target.push_str("[]");
                 },
                 CTP::Input => {
                     target.push_str(KW_TYPE_IN_PORT_STR);
                     target.push('<');
                     idx = display_part(parts, heap, idx, target);
                     target.push('>');
                 },
                 CTP::Output => {
                     target.push_str(KW_TYPE_OUT_PORT_STR);
                     target.push('<');
                     idx = display_part(parts, heap, idx, target);
                     target.push('>');
                 },
                 CTP::Instance(definition_id, num_poly_args) |
                 CTP::Function(definition_id, num_poly_args) |
                 CTP::Component(definition_id, num_poly_args) => {
                     let definition = &heap[definition_id];
                     target.push_str(definition.identifier().value.as_str());
                     if num_poly_args != 0 {
                         target.push('<');
                         for poly_arg_idx in 0..num_poly_args {
                             if poly_arg_idx != 0 {
                                 target.push(',');
                                 idx = display_part(parts, heap, idx, target);
+                            }
+                        }
                         target.push('>');
+                    }
+                }
+            }
             idx
+        }
         let mut name = String::with_capacity(128);
         let _final_idx = display_part(&self.parts, heap, 0, &mut name);
         debug_assert_eq!(_final_idx, self.parts.len());
         return name;
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ConcreteTypeIter<'a> {
     concrete: &'a ConcreteType,
     idx_embedded: u32,
     num_embedded: u32,
     part_idx: usize,
+}
 impl<'a> Iterator for ConcreteTypeIter<'a> {
     type Item = &'a [ConcreteTypePart];
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
         if self.idx_embedded == self.num_embedded {
             return None;
+        }
         // Retrieve the subtree of interest
         let start_idx = self.part_idx;
         let end_idx = self.concrete.subtree_end_idx(start_idx);
         self.idx_embedded += 1;
         self.part_idx = end_idx;
         return Some(&self.concrete.parts[start_idx..end_idx]);
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum Scope {
     Definition(DefinitionId),
     Regular(BlockStatementId),
     Synchronous((SynchronousStatementId, BlockStatementId)),
+}
 impl Scope {
     pub fn is_block(&self) -> bool {
         match &self {
             Scope::Definition(_) => false,
             Scope::Regular(_) => true,
             Scope::Synchronous(_) => true,
+        }
+    }
     pub fn to_block(&self) -> BlockStatementId {
         match &self {
             Scope::Regular(id) => *id,
             Scope::Synchronous((_, id)) => *id,
             _ => panic!("unable to get BlockStatement from Scope")
+        }
+    }
+}
 /// `ScopeNode` is a helper that links scopes in two directions. It doesn't
 /// actually contain any information associated with the scope, this may be
 /// found on the AST elements that `Scope` points to.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ScopeNode {
     pub parent: Scope,
     pub nested: Vec<Scope>,
+}
 impl ScopeNode {
     pub(crate) fn new_invalid() -> Self {
         ScopeNode{
             parent: Scope::Definition(DefinitionId::new_invalid()),
             nested: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum VariableKind {
     Parameter,      // in parameter list of function/component
     Local,          // declared in function/component body
     Binding,        // may be bound to in a binding expression (determined in validator/linker)
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Variable {
     pub this: VariableId,
     // Parsing
     pub kind: VariableKind,
     pub parser_type: ParserType,
     pub identifier: Identifier,
     // Validator/linker
     pub relative_pos_in_block: u32,
     pub unique_id_in_scope: i32, // Temporary fix until proper bytecode/asm is generated
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum Definition {
     Struct(StructDefinition),
     Enum(EnumDefinition),
     Union(UnionDefinition),
     Component(ComponentDefinition),
     Function(FunctionDefinition),
+}
 impl Definition {
     pub fn is_struct(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Definition::Struct(_) => true,
             _ => false
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_struct(&self) -> &StructDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Struct(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast 'Definition' to 'StructDefinition'"),
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_struct_mut(&mut self) -> &mut StructDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Struct(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast 'Definition' to 'StructDefinition'"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn is_enum(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Definition::Enum(_) => true,
             _ => false,
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_enum(&self) -> &EnumDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Enum(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast 'Definition' to 'EnumDefinition'"),
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_enum_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EnumDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Enum(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast 'Definition' to 'EnumDefinition'"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn is_union(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Definition::Union(_) => true,
             _ => false,
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_union(&self) -> &UnionDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Union(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast 'Definition' to 'UnionDefinition'"),
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_union_mut(&mut self) -> &mut UnionDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Union(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast 'Definition' to 'UnionDefinition'"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn is_component(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Definition::Component(_) => true,
             _ => false,
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_component(&self) -> &ComponentDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Component(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `Definition` to `Component`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_component_mut(&mut self) -> &mut ComponentDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Component(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `Definition` to `Component`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn is_function(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             Definition::Function(_) => true,
             _ => false,
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_function(&self) -> &FunctionDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Function(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `Definition` to `Function`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn as_function_mut(&mut self) -> &mut FunctionDefinition {
         match self {
             Definition::Function(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `Definition` to `Function`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn parameters(&self) -> &Vec<VariableId> {
         match self {
             Definition::Component(def) => &def.parameters,
             Definition::Function(def) => &def.parameters,
             _ => panic!("Called parameters() on {:?}", self)
+        }
+    }
     pub fn defined_in(&self) -> RootId {
         match self {
             Definition::Struct(def) => def.defined_in,
             Definition::Enum(def) => def.defined_in,
             Definition::Union(def) => def.defined_in,
             Definition::Component(def) => def.defined_in,
             Definition::Function(def) => def.defined_in,
+        }
+    }
     pub fn identifier(&self) -> &Identifier {
         match self {
             Definition::Struct(def) => &def.identifier,
             Definition::Enum(def) => &def.identifier,
             Definition::Union(def) => &def.identifier,
             Definition::Component(def) => &def.identifier,
             Definition::Function(def) => &def.identifier,
+        }
+    }
     pub fn poly_vars(&self) -> &Vec<Identifier> {
         match self {
             Definition::Struct(def) => &def.poly_vars,
             Definition::Enum(def) => &def.poly_vars,
             Definition::Union(def) => &def.poly_vars,
             Definition::Component(def) => &def.poly_vars,
             Definition::Function(def) => &def.poly_vars,
+        }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct StructFieldDefinition {
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub field: Identifier,
     pub parser_type: ParserType,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct StructDefinition {
     pub this: StructDefinitionId,
     pub defined_in: RootId,
     // Symbol scanning
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>,
     // Parsing
     pub fields: Vec<StructFieldDefinition>
+}
 impl StructDefinition {
     pub(crate) fn new_empty(
         this: StructDefinitionId, defined_in: RootId, span: InputSpan,
         identifier: Identifier, poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>
     ) -> Self {
         Self{ this, defined_in, span, identifier, poly_vars, fields: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum EnumVariantValue {
     None,
     Integer(i64),
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EnumVariantDefinition {
     pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub value: EnumVariantValue,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EnumDefinition {
     pub this: EnumDefinitionId,
     pub defined_in: RootId,
     // Symbol scanning
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>,
     // Parsing
     pub variants: Vec<EnumVariantDefinition>,
+}
 impl EnumDefinition {
     pub(crate) fn new_empty(
         this: EnumDefinitionId, defined_in: RootId, span: InputSpan,
         identifier: Identifier, poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>
     ) -> Self {
         Self{ this, defined_in, span, identifier, poly_vars, variants: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum UnionVariantValue {
     None,
     Embedded(Vec<ParserType>),
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UnionVariantDefinition {
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub identifier: Identifier,
-    pub value: UnionVariantValue,
+    pub value: Vec<ParserType>, // if empty, then union variant does not contain any embedded types
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UnionDefinition {
     pub this: UnionDefinitionId,
     pub defined_in: RootId,
     // Phase 1: symbol scanning
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>,
     // Phase 2: parsing
     pub variants: Vec<UnionVariantDefinition>,
+}
 impl UnionDefinition {
     pub(crate) fn new_empty(
         this: UnionDefinitionId, defined_in: RootId, span: InputSpan,
         identifier: Identifier, poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>
     ) -> Self {
         Self{ this, defined_in, span, identifier, poly_vars, variants: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum ComponentVariant {
     Primitive,
     Composite,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ComponentDefinition {
     pub this: ComponentDefinitionId,
     pub defined_in: RootId,
     // Symbol scanning
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub variant: ComponentVariant,
     pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>,
     // Parsing
     pub parameters: Vec<VariableId>,
     pub body: BlockStatementId,
     // Validation/linking
     pub num_expressions_in_body: i32,
+}
 impl ComponentDefinition {
     // Used for preallocation during symbol scanning
     pub(crate) fn new_empty(
         this: ComponentDefinitionId, defined_in: RootId, span: InputSpan,
         variant: ComponentVariant, identifier: Identifier, poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>
     ) -> Self {
         Self{
             this, defined_in, span, variant, identifier, poly_vars,
             parameters: Vec::new(),
             body: BlockStatementId::new_invalid(),
             num_expressions_in_body: -1,
+        }
+    }
+}
 // Note that we will have function definitions for builtin functions as well. In
 // that case the span, the identifier span and the body are all invalid.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct FunctionDefinition {
     pub this: FunctionDefinitionId,
     pub defined_in: RootId,
     // Symbol scanning
     pub builtin: bool,
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>,
     // Parser
     pub return_types: Vec<ParserType>,
     pub parameters: Vec<VariableId>,
     pub body: BlockStatementId,
     // Validation/linking
     pub num_expressions_in_body: i32,
+}
 impl FunctionDefinition {
     pub(crate) fn new_empty(
         this: FunctionDefinitionId, defined_in: RootId, span: InputSpan,
         identifier: Identifier, poly_vars: Vec<Identifier>
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             this, defined_in,
             builtin: false,
             span, identifier, poly_vars,
             return_types: Vec::new(),
             parameters: Vec::new(),
             body: BlockStatementId::new_invalid(),
             num_expressions_in_body: -1,
+        }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum Statement {
     Block(BlockStatement),
     EndBlock(EndBlockStatement),
     Local(LocalStatement),
     Labeled(LabeledStatement),
     If(IfStatement),
     EndIf(EndIfStatement),
     While(WhileStatement),
     EndWhile(EndWhileStatement),
     Break(BreakStatement),
     Continue(ContinueStatement),
     Synchronous(SynchronousStatement),
     EndSynchronous(EndSynchronousStatement),
     Return(ReturnStatement),
     Goto(GotoStatement),
     New(NewStatement),
     Expression(ExpressionStatement),
+}
 impl Statement {
     pub fn as_block(&self) -> &BlockStatement {
         match self {
             Statement::Block(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `Statement` to `BlockStatement`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn as_local(&self) -> &LocalStatement {
         match self {
             Statement::Local(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `Statement` to `LocalStatement`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn as_memory(&self) -> &MemoryStatement {
         self.as_local().as_memory()
+    }
     pub fn as_channel(&self) -> &ChannelStatement {
         self.as_local().as_channel()
+    }
     pub fn as_new(&self) -> &NewStatement {
         match self {
             Statement::New(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `Statement` to `NewStatement`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn span(&self) -> InputSpan {
         match self {
             Statement::Block(v) => v.span,
             Statement::Local(v) => v.span(),
             Statement::Labeled(v) => v.label.span,
             Statement::If(v) => v.span,
             Statement::While(v) => v.span,
             Statement::Break(v) => v.span,
             Statement::Continue(v) => v.span,
             Statement::Synchronous(v) => v.span,
             Statement::Return(v) => v.span,
             Statement::Goto(v) => v.span,
             Statement::New(v) => v.span,
             Statement::Expression(v) => v.span,
             Statement::EndBlock(_) | Statement::EndIf(_) | Statement::EndWhile(_) | Statement::EndSynchronous(_) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn link_next(&mut self, next: StatementId) {
         match self {
             Statement::Block(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
             Statement::EndBlock(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
             Statement::Local(stmt) => match stmt {
                 LocalStatement::Channel(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
                 LocalStatement::Memory(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
             },
             Statement::EndIf(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
             Statement::EndWhile(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
             Statement::EndSynchronous(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
             Statement::New(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
             Statement::Expression(stmt) => stmt.next = next,
             Statement::Return(_)
             | Statement::Break(_)
             | Statement::Continue(_)
             | Statement::Synchronous(_)
             | Statement::Goto(_)
             | Statement::While(_)
             | Statement::Labeled(_)
             | Statement::If(_) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct BlockStatement {
     pub this: BlockStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub is_implicit: bool,
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the complete block
     pub statements: Vec<StatementId>,
     pub end_block: EndBlockStatementId,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub scope_node: ScopeNode,
     pub first_unique_id_in_scope: i32, // Temporary fix until proper bytecode/asm is generated
     pub next_unique_id_in_scope: i32, // Temporary fix until proper bytecode/asm is generated
     pub relative_pos_in_parent: u32,
     pub locals: Vec<VariableId>,
     pub labels: Vec<LabeledStatementId>,
     pub next: StatementId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EndBlockStatement {
     pub this: EndBlockStatementId,
     // Parser
     pub start_block: BlockStatementId,
     // Validation/Linking
     pub next: StatementId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum LocalStatement {
     Memory(MemoryStatement),
     Channel(ChannelStatement),
+}
 impl LocalStatement {
     pub fn this(&self) -> LocalStatementId {
         match self {
             LocalStatement::Memory(stmt) => stmt.this.upcast(),
             LocalStatement::Channel(stmt) => stmt.this.upcast(),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn as_memory(&self) -> &MemoryStatement {
         match self {
             LocalStatement::Memory(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `LocalStatement` to `MemoryStatement`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn as_channel(&self) -> &ChannelStatement {
         match self {
             LocalStatement::Channel(result) => result,
             _ => panic!("Unable to cast `LocalStatement` to `ChannelStatement`"),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn span(&self) -> InputSpan {
         match self {
             LocalStatement::Channel(v) => v.span,
             LocalStatement::Memory(v) => v.span,
+        }
+    }
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MemoryStatement {
     pub this: MemoryStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan,
     pub variable: VariableId,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub next: StatementId,
+}
 /// ChannelStatement is the declaration of an input and output port associated
 /// with the same channel. Note that the polarity of the ports are from the
 /// point of view of the component. So an output port is something that a
 /// component uses to send data over (i.e. it is the "input end" of the
 /// channel), and vice versa.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ChannelStatement {
     pub this: ChannelStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "channel" keyword
     pub from: VariableId, // output
     pub to: VariableId,   // input
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub relative_pos_in_block: u32,
     pub next: StatementId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct LabeledStatement {
     pub this: LabeledStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub label: Identifier,
     pub body: StatementId,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub relative_pos_in_block: u32,
     pub in_sync: SynchronousStatementId, // may be invalid
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct IfStatement {
     pub this: IfStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "if" keyword
     pub test: ExpressionId,
     pub true_body: BlockStatementId,
     pub false_body: Option<BlockStatementId>,
     pub end_if: EndIfStatementId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EndIfStatement {
     pub this: EndIfStatementId,
     pub start_if: IfStatementId,
     pub next: StatementId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct WhileStatement {
     pub this: WhileStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "while" keyword
     pub test: ExpressionId,
     pub body: BlockStatementId,
     pub end_while: EndWhileStatementId,
     pub in_sync: SynchronousStatementId, // may be invalid
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EndWhileStatement {
     pub this: EndWhileStatementId,
     pub start_while: WhileStatementId,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub next: StatementId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct BreakStatement {
     pub this: BreakStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "break" keyword
     pub label: Option<Identifier>,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub target: Option<EndWhileStatementId>,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ContinueStatement {
     pub this: ContinueStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "continue" keyword
     pub label: Option<Identifier>,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub target: Option<WhileStatementId>,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct SynchronousStatement {
     pub this: SynchronousStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "sync" keyword
     pub body: BlockStatementId,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub end_sync: EndSynchronousStatementId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EndSynchronousStatement {
     pub this: EndSynchronousStatementId,
     pub start_sync: SynchronousStatementId,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub next: StatementId,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ReturnStatement {
     pub this: ReturnStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "return" keyword
     pub expressions: Vec<ExpressionId>,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GotoStatement {
     pub this: GotoStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "goto" keyword
     pub label: Identifier,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub target: Option<LabeledStatementId>,
+}
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct NewStatement {
     pub this: NewStatementId,
     // Phase 1: parser
     pub span: InputSpan, // of the "new" keyword
     pub expression: CallExpressionId,
     // Phase 2: linker
     pub next: StatementId,

src/protocol/ast_printer.rs

➞

Show inline comments

 #![allow(dead_code)]
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};
 use std::io::Write as IOWrite;
 use super::ast::*;
 use super::token_parsing::*;
 const INDENT: usize = 2;
 const PREFIX_EMPTY: &'static str = "    ";
 const PREFIX_ROOT_ID: &'static str = "Root";
 const PREFIX_PRAGMA_ID: &'static str = "Prag";
 const PREFIX_IMPORT_ID: &'static str = "Imp ";
 const PREFIX_TYPE_ANNOT_ID: &'static str = "TyAn";
 const PREFIX_VARIABLE_ID: &'static str = "Var ";
 const PREFIX_DEFINITION_ID: &'static str = "Def ";
 const PREFIX_STRUCT_ID: &'static str = "DefS";
 const PREFIX_ENUM_ID: &'static str = "DefE";
 const PREFIX_UNION_ID: &'static str = "DefU";
 const PREFIX_COMPONENT_ID: &'static str = "DefC";
 const PREFIX_FUNCTION_ID: &'static str = "DefF";
 const PREFIX_STMT_ID: &'static str = "Stmt";
 const PREFIX_BLOCK_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SBl ";
 const PREFIX_ENDBLOCK_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SEBl";
 const PREFIX_LOCAL_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SLoc";
 const PREFIX_MEM_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SMem";
 const PREFIX_CHANNEL_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SCha";
 const PREFIX_SKIP_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SSki";
 const PREFIX_LABELED_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SLab";
 const PREFIX_IF_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SIf ";
 const PREFIX_ENDIF_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SEIf";
 const PREFIX_WHILE_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SWhi";
 const PREFIX_ENDWHILE_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SEWh";
 const PREFIX_BREAK_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SBre";
 const PREFIX_CONTINUE_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SCon";
 const PREFIX_SYNC_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SSyn";
 const PREFIX_ENDSYNC_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SESy";
 const PREFIX_RETURN_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SRet";
 const PREFIX_ASSERT_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SAsr";
 const PREFIX_GOTO_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SGot";
 const PREFIX_NEW_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SNew";
 const PREFIX_PUT_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SPut";
 const PREFIX_EXPR_STMT_ID: &'static str = "SExp";
 const PREFIX_ASSIGNMENT_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "EAsi";
 const PREFIX_BINDING_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "EBnd";
 const PREFIX_CONDITIONAL_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "ECnd";
 const PREFIX_BINARY_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "EBin";
 const PREFIX_UNARY_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "EUna";
 const PREFIX_INDEXING_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "EIdx";
 const PREFIX_SLICING_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "ESli";
 const PREFIX_SELECT_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "ESel";
 const PREFIX_LITERAL_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "ELit";
 const PREFIX_CAST_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "ECas";
 const PREFIX_CALL_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "ECll";
 const PREFIX_VARIABLE_EXPR_ID: &'static str = "EVar";
 struct KV<'a> {
     buffer: &'a mut String,
     prefix: Option<(&'static str, i32)>,
     indent: usize,
     temp_key: &'a mut String,
     temp_val: &'a mut String,
+}
 impl<'a> KV<'a> {
     fn new(buffer: &'a mut String, temp_key: &'a mut String, temp_val: &'a mut String, indent: usize) -> Self {
         temp_key.clear();
         temp_val.clear();
         KV{
             buffer,
             prefix: None,
             indent,
             temp_key,
             temp_val
+        }
+    }
     fn with_id(mut self, prefix: &'static str, id: i32) -> Self {
         self.prefix = Some((prefix, id));
         self
+    }
     fn with_s_key(self, key: &str) -> Self {
         self.temp_key.push_str(key);
         self
+    }
     fn with_d_key<D: Display>(self, key: &D) -> Self {
         self.temp_key.push_str(&key.to_string());
         self
+    }
     fn with_s_val(self, val: &str) -> Self {
         self.temp_val.push_str(val);
         self
+    }
     fn with_disp_val<D: Display>(self, val: &D) -> Self {
         self.temp_val.push_str(&format!("{}", val));
         self
+    }
     fn with_debug_val<D: Debug>(self, val: &D) -> Self {
         self.temp_val.push_str(&format!("{:?}", val));
         self
+    }
     fn with_identifier_val(self, val: &Identifier) -> Self {
         self.temp_val.push_str(val.value.as_str());
         self
+    }
     fn with_opt_disp_val<D: Display>(self, val: Option<&D>) -> Self {
         match val {
             Some(v) => { self.temp_val.push_str(&format!("Some({})", v)); },
             None => { self.temp_val.push_str("None"); }
+        }
         self
+    }
     fn with_opt_identifier_val(self, val: Option<&Identifier>) -> Self {
         match val {
             Some(v) => {
                 self.temp_val.push_str("Some(");
                 self.temp_val.push_str(v.value.as_str());
                 self.temp_val.push(')');
             },
             None => {
                 self.temp_val.push_str("None");
+            }
+        }
         self
+    }
     fn with_custom_val<F: Fn(&mut String)>(mut self, val_fn: F) -> Self {
         val_fn(&mut self.temp_val);
         self
+    }
+}
 impl<'a> Drop for KV<'a> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         // Prefix and indent
         if let Some((prefix, id)) = &self.prefix {
             self.buffer.push_str(&format!("{}[{:04}]", prefix, id));
         } else {
             self.buffer.push_str("           ");
+        }
         for _ in 0..self.indent * INDENT {
             self.buffer.push(' ');
+        }
         // Leading dash
         self.buffer.push_str("- ");
         // Key and value
         self.buffer.push_str(self.temp_key);
         if self.temp_val.is_empty() {
             self.buffer.push(':');
         } else {
             self.buffer.push_str(": ");
             self.buffer.push_str(&self.temp_val);
+        }
         self.buffer.push('\n');
+    }
+}
 pub(crate) struct ASTWriter {
     cur_definition: Option<DefinitionId>,
     buffer: String,
     temp1: String,
     temp2: String,
+}
 impl ASTWriter {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         Self{
             cur_definition: None,
             buffer: String::with_capacity(4096),
             temp1: String::with_capacity(256),
             temp2: String::with_capacity(256),
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn write_ast<W: IOWrite>(&mut self, w: &mut W, heap: &Heap) {
         for root_id in heap.protocol_descriptions.iter().map(|v| v.this) {
             self.write_module(heap, root_id);
             w.write_all(self.buffer.as_bytes()).expect("flush buffer");
             self.buffer.clear();
+        }
+    }
     //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Top-level module writing
     //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     fn write_module(&mut self, heap: &Heap, root_id: RootId) {
         self.kv(0).with_id(PREFIX_ROOT_ID, root_id.index)
             .with_s_key("Module");
         let root = &heap[root_id];
         self.kv(1).with_s_key("Pragmas");
         for pragma_id in &root.pragmas {
             self.write_pragma(heap, *pragma_id, 2);
+        }
         self.kv(1).with_s_key("Imports");
         for import_id in &root.imports {
             self.write_import(heap, *import_id, 2);
+        }
         self.kv(1).with_s_key("Definitions");
         for def_id in &root.definitions {
             self.write_definition(heap, *def_id, 2);
+        }
+    }
     fn write_pragma(&mut self, heap: &Heap, pragma_id: PragmaId, indent: usize) {
         match &heap[pragma_id] {
             Pragma::Version(pragma) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_PRAGMA_ID, pragma.this.index)
                     .with_s_key("PragmaVersion")
                     .with_disp_val(&pragma.version);
             },
             Pragma::Module(pragma) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_PRAGMA_ID, pragma.this.index)
                     .with_s_key("PragmaModule")
                     .with_identifier_val(&pragma.value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
     fn write_import(&mut self, heap: &Heap, import_id: ImportId, indent: usize) {
         let import = &heap[import_id];
         let indent2 = indent + 1;
         match import {
             Import::Module(import) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_IMPORT_ID, import.this.index)
                     .with_s_key("ImportModule");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&import.module);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Alias").with_identifier_val(&import.alias);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Target").with_disp_val(&import.module_id.index);
             },
             Import::Symbols(import) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_IMPORT_ID, import.this.index)
                     .with_s_key("ImportSymbol");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&import.module);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Target").with_disp_val(&import.module_id.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Symbols");
                 let indent3 = indent2 + 1;
                 let indent4 = indent3 + 1;
                 for symbol in &import.symbols {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("AliasedSymbol");
                     self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&symbol.name);
                     self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Alias").with_opt_identifier_val(symbol.alias.as_ref());
                     self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Definition").with_disp_val(&symbol.definition_id.index);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
     //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Top-level definition writing
     //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     fn write_definition(&mut self, heap: &Heap, def_id: DefinitionId, indent: usize) {
         self.cur_definition = Some(def_id);
         let indent2 = indent + 1;
         let indent3 = indent2 + 1;
         let indent4 = indent3 + 1;
         match &heap[def_id] {
             Definition::Struct(def) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_STRUCT_ID, def.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("DefinitionStruct");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&def.identifier);
                 for poly_var_id in &def.poly_vars {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("PolyVar").with_identifier_val(&poly_var_id);
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Fields");
                 for field in &def.fields {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Field");
                     self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Name")
                         .with_identifier_val(&field.field);
                     self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Type")
                         .with_custom_val(|s| write_parser_type(s, heap, &field.parser_type));
+                }
             },
             Definition::Enum(def) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_ENUM_ID, def.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("DefinitionEnum");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&def.identifier);
                 for poly_var_id in &def.poly_vars {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("PolyVar").with_identifier_val(&poly_var_id);
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Variants");
                 for variant in &def.variants {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Variant");
                     self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Name")
                         .with_identifier_val(&variant.identifier);
                     let variant_value = self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Value");
                     match &variant.value {
                         EnumVariantValue::None => variant_value.with_s_val("None"),
                         EnumVariantValue::Integer(value) => variant_value.with_disp_val(value),
                     };
+                }
             },
             Definition::Union(def) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_UNION_ID, def.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("DefinitionUnion");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&def.identifier);
                 for poly_var_id in &def.poly_vars {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("PolyVar").with_identifier_val(&poly_var_id);
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Variants");
                 for variant in &def.variants {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Variant");
                     self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Name")
                         .with_identifier_val(&variant.identifier);
                     match &variant.value {
                         UnionVariantValue::None => {
                     if variant.value.is_empty() {
                         self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Value").with_s_val("None");
+                        }
                         UnionVariantValue::Embedded(embedded) => {
                     } else {
                         self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Values");
-                            for embedded in embedded {
+                        for embedded in &variant.value {
                             self.kv(indent4+1).with_s_key("Value")
                                 .with_custom_val(|v| write_parser_type(v, heap, embedded));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            }
             Definition::Function(def) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_FUNCTION_ID, def.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("DefinitionFunction");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&def.identifier);
                 for poly_var_id in &def.poly_vars {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("PolyVar").with_identifier_val(&poly_var_id);
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("ReturnParserTypes");
                 for return_type in &def.return_types {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("ReturnParserType")
                         .with_custom_val(|s| write_parser_type(s, heap, return_type));
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parameters");
                 for variable_id in &def.parameters {
                     self.write_variable(heap, *variable_id, indent3);
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Body");
                 self.write_stmt(heap, def.body.upcast(), indent3);
             },
             Definition::Component(def) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_COMPONENT_ID,def.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("DefinitionComponent");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&def.identifier);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Variant").with_debug_val(&def.variant);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("PolymorphicVariables");
                 for poly_var_id in &def.poly_vars {
                     self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("PolyVar").with_identifier_val(&poly_var_id);
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parameters");
                 for variable_id in &def.parameters {
                     self.write_variable(heap, *variable_id, indent3)
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Body");
                 self.write_stmt(heap, def.body.upcast(), indent3);
+            }
+        }
+    }
     fn write_stmt(&mut self, heap: &Heap, stmt_id: StatementId, indent: usize) {
         let stmt = &heap[stmt_id];
         let indent2 = indent + 1;
         let indent3 = indent2 + 1;
         match stmt {
             Statement::Block(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_BLOCK_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("Block");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("EndBlockID").with_disp_val(&stmt.end_block.0.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("FirstUniqueScopeID").with_disp_val(&stmt.first_unique_id_in_scope);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("NextUniqueScopeID").with_disp_val(&stmt.next_unique_id_in_scope);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("RelativePos").with_disp_val(&stmt.relative_pos_in_parent);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Statements");
                 for stmt_id in &stmt.statements {
                     self.write_stmt(heap, *stmt_id, indent3);
+                }
             },
             Statement::EndBlock(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_ENDBLOCK_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("EndBlock");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("StartBlockID").with_disp_val(&stmt.start_block.0.index);
+            }
             Statement::Local(stmt) => {
                 match stmt {
                     LocalStatement::Channel(stmt) => {
                         self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_CHANNEL_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.0.index)
                             .with_s_key("LocalChannel");
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("From");
                         self.write_variable(heap, stmt.from, indent3);
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("To");
                         self.write_variable(heap, stmt.to, indent3);
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Next").with_disp_val(&stmt.next.index);
                     },
                     LocalStatement::Memory(stmt) => {
                         self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_MEM_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.0.index)
                             .with_s_key("LocalMemory");
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Variable");
                         self.write_variable(heap, stmt.variable, indent3);
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Next").with_disp_val(&stmt.next.index);
+                    }
+                }
             },
             Statement::Labeled(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_LABELED_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("Labeled");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Label").with_identifier_val(&stmt.label);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Statement");
                 self.write_stmt(heap, stmt.body, indent3);
             },
             Statement::If(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_IF_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("If");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("EndIf").with_disp_val(&stmt.end_if.0.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Condition");
                 self.write_expr(heap, stmt.test, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("TrueBody");
                 self.write_stmt(heap, stmt.true_body.upcast(), indent3);
                 if let Some(false_body) = stmt.false_body {
                     self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("FalseBody");
                     self.write_stmt(heap, false_body.upcast(), indent3);
+                }
             },
             Statement::EndIf(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_ENDIF_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("EndIf");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("StartIf").with_disp_val(&stmt.start_if.0.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Next").with_disp_val(&stmt.next.index);
             },
             Statement::While(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_WHILE_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("While");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("EndWhile").with_disp_val(&stmt.end_while.0.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("InSync")
                     .with_disp_val(&stmt.in_sync.0.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Condition");
                 self.write_expr(heap, stmt.test, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Body");
                 self.write_stmt(heap, stmt.body.upcast(), indent3);
             },
             Statement::EndWhile(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_ENDWHILE_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("EndWhile");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("StartWhile").with_disp_val(&stmt.start_while.0.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Next").with_disp_val(&stmt.next.index);
             },
             Statement::Break(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_BREAK_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("Break");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Label")
                     .with_opt_identifier_val(stmt.label.as_ref());
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Target")
                     .with_opt_disp_val(stmt.target.as_ref().map(|v| &v.0.index));
             },
             Statement::Continue(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_CONTINUE_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("Continue");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Label")
                     .with_opt_identifier_val(stmt.label.as_ref());
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Target")
                     .with_opt_disp_val(stmt.target.as_ref().map(|v| &v.0.index));
             },
             Statement::Synchronous(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_SYNC_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("Synchronous");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("EndSync").with_disp_val(&stmt.end_sync.0.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Body");
                 self.write_stmt(heap, stmt.body.upcast(), indent3);
             },
             Statement::EndSynchronous(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_ENDSYNC_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("EndSynchronous");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("StartSync").with_disp_val(&stmt.start_sync.0.index);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Next").with_disp_val(&stmt.next.index);
             },
             Statement::Return(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_RETURN_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("Return");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Expressions");
                 for expr_id in &stmt.expressions {
                     self.write_expr(heap, *expr_id, indent3);
+                }
             },
             Statement::Goto(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_GOTO_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("Goto");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Label").with_identifier_val(&stmt.label);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Target")
                     .with_opt_disp_val(stmt.target.as_ref().map(|v| &v.0.index));
             },
             Statement::New(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_NEW_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("New");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Expression");
                 self.write_expr(heap, stmt.expression.upcast(), indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Next").with_disp_val(&stmt.next.index);
             },
             Statement::Expression(stmt) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_EXPR_STMT_ID, stmt.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("ExpressionStatement");
                 self.write_expr(heap, stmt.expression, indent2);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Next").with_disp_val(&stmt.next.index);
+            }
+        }
+    }
     fn write_expr(&mut self, heap: &Heap, expr_id: ExpressionId, indent: usize) {
         let expr = &heap[expr_id];
         let indent2 = indent + 1;
         let indent3 = indent2 + 1;
         match expr {
             Expression::Assignment(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_ASSIGNMENT_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("AssignmentExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Operation").with_debug_val(&expr.operation);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Left");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.left, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Right");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.right, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Binding(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_BINARY_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("BindingExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("BindToExpression");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.bound_to, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("BindFromExpression");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.bound_from, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Conditional(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_CONDITIONAL_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("ConditionalExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Condition");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.test, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("TrueExpression");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.true_expression, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("FalseExpression");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.false_expression, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Binary(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_BINARY_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("BinaryExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Operation").with_debug_val(&expr.operation);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Left");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.left, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Right");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.right, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Unary(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_UNARY_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("UnaryExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Operation").with_debug_val(&expr.operation);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Argument");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.expression, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Indexing(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_INDEXING_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("IndexingExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Subject");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.subject, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Index");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.index, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Slicing(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_SLICING_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("SlicingExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Subject");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.subject, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("FromIndex");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.from_index, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("ToIndex");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.to_index, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Select(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_SELECT_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("SelectExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Subject");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.subject, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Field").with_identifier_val(&expr.field_name);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Literal(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_LITERAL_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("LiteralExpr");
                 let val = self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Value");
                 match &expr.value {
                     Literal::Null => { val.with_s_val("null"); },
                     Literal::True => { val.with_s_val("true"); },
                     Literal::False => { val.with_s_val("false"); },
                     Literal::Character(data) => { val.with_disp_val(data); },
                     Literal::String(data) => {
                         // Stupid hack
                         let string = String::from(data.as_str());
                         val.with_disp_val(&string);
                     },
                     Literal::Integer(data) => { val.with_debug_val(data); },
                     Literal::Struct(data) => {
                         val.with_s_val("Struct");
                         let indent4 = indent3 + 1;
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("ParserType")
                             .with_custom_val(|t| write_parser_type(t, heap, &data.parser_type));
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Definition").with_disp_val(&data.definition.index);
                         for field in &data.fields {
                             self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Field");
                             self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&field.identifier);
                             self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("Index").with_disp_val(&field.field_idx);
                             self.kv(indent4).with_s_key("ParserType");
                             self.write_expr(heap, field.value, indent4 + 1);
+                        }
                     },
                     Literal::Enum(data) => {
                         val.with_s_val("Enum");
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("ParserType")
                             .with_custom_val(|t| write_parser_type(t, heap, &data.parser_type));
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Definition").with_disp_val(&data.definition.index);
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("VariantIdx").with_disp_val(&data.variant_idx);
                     },
                     Literal::Union(data) => {
                         val.with_s_val("Union");
                         let indent4 = indent3 + 1;
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("ParserType")
                             .with_custom_val(|t| write_parser_type(t, heap, &data.parser_type));
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Definition").with_disp_val(&data.definition.index);
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("VariantIdx").with_disp_val(&data.variant_idx);
                         for value in &data.values {
                             self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Value");
                             self.write_expr(heap, *value, indent4);
+                        }
+                    }
                     Literal::Array(data) => {
                         val.with_s_val("Array");
                         let indent4 = indent3 + 1;
                         self.kv(indent3).with_s_key("Elements");
                         for expr_id in data {
                             self.write_expr(heap, *expr_id, indent4);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Cast(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_CAST_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("CallExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("ToType")
                     .with_custom_val(|t| write_parser_type(t, heap, &expr.to_type));
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Subject");
                 self.write_expr(heap, expr.subject, indent3);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
+            }
             Expression::Call(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_CALL_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("CallExpr");
                 let definition = &heap[expr.definition];
                 match definition {
                     Definition::Component(definition) => {
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("BuiltIn").with_disp_val(&false);
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Variant").with_debug_val(&definition.variant);
                     },
                     Definition::Function(definition) => {
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("BuiltIn").with_disp_val(&definition.builtin);
                         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Variant").with_s_val("Function");
                     },
                     _ => unreachable!()
+                }
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("MethodName").with_identifier_val(definition.identifier());
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("ParserType")
                     .with_custom_val(|t| write_parser_type(t, heap, &expr.parser_type));
                 // Arguments
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Arguments");
                 for arg_id in &expr.arguments {
                     self.write_expr(heap, *arg_id, indent3);
+                }
                 // Parent
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
             },
             Expression::Variable(expr) => {
                 self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_VARIABLE_EXPR_ID, expr.this.0.index)
                     .with_s_key("VariableExpr");
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&expr.identifier);
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Definition")
                     .with_opt_disp_val(expr.declaration.as_ref().map(|v| &v.index));
                 self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Parent")
                     .with_custom_val(|v| write_expression_parent(v, &expr.parent));
+            }
+        }
+    }
     fn write_variable(&mut self, heap: &Heap, variable_id: VariableId, indent: usize) {
         let var = &heap[variable_id];
         let indent2 = indent + 1;
         self.kv(indent).with_id(PREFIX_VARIABLE_ID, variable_id.index)
             .with_s_key("Variable");
         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Name").with_identifier_val(&var.identifier);
         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("Kind").with_debug_val(&var.kind);
         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("ParserType")
             .with_custom_val(|w| write_parser_type(w, heap, &var.parser_type));
         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("RelativePos").with_disp_val(&var.relative_pos_in_block);
         self.kv(indent2).with_s_key("UniqueScopeID").with_disp_val(&var.unique_id_in_scope);
+    }
     //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Printing Utilities
     //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     fn kv(&mut self, indent: usize) -> KV {
         KV::new(&mut self.buffer, &mut self.temp1, &mut self.temp2, indent)
+    }
     fn flush<W: IOWrite>(&mut self, w: &mut W) {
         w.write(self.buffer.as_bytes()).unwrap();
         self.buffer.clear()
+    }
+}
 fn write_option<V: Display>(target: &mut String, value: Option<V>) {
     target.clear();
     match &value {
         Some(v) => target.push_str(&format!("Some({})", v)),
         None => target.push_str("None")
     };
+}
 fn write_parser_type(target: &mut String, heap: &Heap, t: &ParserType) {
     use ParserTypeVariant as PTV;
     fn write_element(target: &mut String, heap: &Heap, t: &ParserType, mut element_idx: usize) -> usize {
         let element = &t.elements[element_idx];
         match &element.variant {
             PTV::Void => target.push_str("void"),
             PTV::InputOrOutput => {
                 target.push_str("portlike<");
                 element_idx = write_element(target, heap, t, element_idx + 1);
                 target.push('>');
             },
             PTV::ArrayLike => {
                 element_idx = write_element(target, heap, t, element_idx + 1);
                 target.push_str("[???]");
             },
             PTV::IntegerLike => target.push_str("integerlike"),
             PTV::Message => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_MESSAGE_STR); },
             PTV::Bool => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_BOOL_STR); },
             PTV::UInt8 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT8_STR); },
             PTV::UInt16 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT16_STR); },
             PTV::UInt32 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT32_STR); },
             PTV::UInt64 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT64_STR); },
             PTV::SInt8 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT8_STR); },
             PTV::SInt16 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT16_STR); },
             PTV::SInt32 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT32_STR); },
             PTV::SInt64 => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT64_STR); },
             PTV::Character => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_CHAR_STR); },
             PTV::String => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_STRING_STR); },
             PTV::IntegerLiteral => { target.push_str("int_literal"); },
             PTV::Inferred => { target.push_str(KW_TYPE_INFERRED_STR); },
             PTV::Array => {
                 element_idx = write_element(target, heap, t, element_idx + 1);
                 target.push_str("[]");
             },
             PTV::Input => {
                 target.push_str(KW_TYPE_IN_PORT_STR);
                 target.push('<');
                 element_idx = write_element(target, heap, t, element_idx + 1);
                 target.push('>');
             },
             PTV::Output => {
                 target.push_str(KW_TYPE_OUT_PORT_STR);
                 target.push('<');
                 element_idx = write_element(target, heap, t, element_idx + 1);
                 target.push('>');
             },
             PTV::PolymorphicArgument(definition_id, arg_idx) => {
                 let definition = &heap[*definition_id];
                 let poly_var = &definition.poly_vars()[*arg_idx as usize].value;
                 target.push_str(poly_var.as_str());
             },
             PTV::Definition(definition_id, num_embedded) => {
                 let definition = &heap[*definition_id];
                 let definition_ident = definition.identifier().value.as_str();
                 target.push_str(definition_ident);
                 let num_embedded = *num_embedded;
                 if num_embedded != 0 {
                     target.push('<');
                     for embedded_idx in 0..num_embedded {
                         if embedded_idx != 0 {
                             target.push(',');
+                        }
                         element_idx = write_element(target, heap, t, element_idx + 1);
+                    }
                     target.push('>');
+                }
+            }
+        }
         element_idx
+    }
     write_element(target, heap, t, 0);
+}
 // TODO: @Cleanup, this is littered at three places in the codebase
 fn write_concrete_type(target: &mut String, heap: &Heap, def_id: DefinitionId, t: &ConcreteType) {
     use ConcreteTypePart as CTP;
     fn write_concrete_part(target: &mut String, heap: &Heap, def_id: DefinitionId, t: &ConcreteType, mut idx: usize) -> usize {
         if idx >= t.parts.len() {
             return idx;
+        }
         match &t.parts[idx] {
             CTP::Void => target.push_str("void"),
             CTP::Message => target.push_str("msg"),
             CTP::Bool => target.push_str("bool"),
             CTP::UInt8 => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT8_STR),
             CTP::UInt16 => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT16_STR),
             CTP::UInt32 => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT32_STR),
             CTP::UInt64 => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_UINT64_STR),
             CTP::SInt8 => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT8_STR),
             CTP::SInt16 => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT16_STR),
             CTP::SInt32 => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT32_STR),
             CTP::SInt64 => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_SINT64_STR),
             CTP::Character => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_CHAR_STR),
             CTP::String => target.push_str(KW_TYPE_STRING_STR),
             CTP::Array => {
                 idx = write_concrete_part(target, heap, def_id, t, idx + 1);
                 target.push_str("[]");
             },
             CTP::Slice => {
                 idx = write_concrete_part(target, heap, def_id, t, idx + 1);
                 target.push_str("[..]");
+            }
             CTP::Input => {
                 target.push_str("in<");
                 idx = write_concrete_part(target, heap, def_id, t, idx + 1);
                 target.push('>');
             },
             CTP::Output => {
                 target.push_str("out<");
                 idx = write_concrete_part(target, heap, def_id, t, idx + 1);
                 target.push('>')
             },
             CTP::Instance(definition_id, num_embedded) => {
                 let identifier = heap[*definition_id].identifier();
                 target.push_str(identifier.value.as_str());
                 target.push('<');
                 for idx_embedded in 0..*num_embedded {
                     if idx_embedded != 0 {
                         target.push_str(", ");
+                    }
                     idx = write_concrete_part(target, heap, def_id, t, idx + 1);
+                }
                 target.push('>');
+            }
             },
             CTP::Function(_, _) => todo!("AST printer for ConcreteTypePart::Function"),
             CTP::Component(_, _) => todo!("AST printer for ConcreteTypePart::Component"),
+        }
         idx + 1
+    }
     write_concrete_part(target, heap, def_id, t, 0);
+}
 fn write_expression_parent(target: &mut String, parent: &ExpressionParent) {
     use ExpressionParent as EP;
     *target = match parent {
         EP::None => String::from("None"),
         EP::If(id) => format!("IfStmt({})", id.0.index),
         EP::While(id) => format!("WhileStmt({})", id.0.index),
         EP::Return(id) => format!("ReturnStmt({})", id.0.index),
         EP::New(id) => format!("NewStmt({})", id.0.index),
         EP::ExpressionStmt(id) => format!("ExprStmt({})", id.0.index),
         EP::Expression(id, idx) => format!("Expr({}, {})", id.index, idx)
     };
+}
@@ \ No newline at end of file @@

src/protocol/parser/mod.rs

➞

Show inline comments

 pub(crate) mod symbol_table;
 pub(crate) mod type_table;
 pub(crate) mod tokens;
 pub(crate) mod token_parsing;
 pub(crate) mod pass_tokenizer;
 pub(crate) mod pass_symbols;
 pub(crate) mod pass_imports;
 pub(crate) mod pass_definitions;
 pub(crate) mod pass_validation_linking;
 pub(crate) mod pass_typing;
 mod visitor;
 use tokens::*;
 use crate::collections::*;
 use visitor::Visitor;
 use pass_tokenizer::PassTokenizer;
 use pass_symbols::PassSymbols;
 use pass_imports::PassImport;
 use pass_definitions::PassDefinitions;
 use pass_validation_linking::PassValidationLinking;
 use pass_typing::{PassTyping, ResolveQueue};
 use symbol_table::*;
 use type_table::TypeTable;
 use crate::protocol::ast::*;
 use crate::protocol::input_source::*;
 use crate::protocol::ast_printer::ASTWriter;
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub enum ModuleCompilationPhase {
     Tokenized,              // source is tokenized
     SymbolsScanned,         // all definitions are linked to their type class
     ImportsResolved,        // all imports are added to the symbol table
     DefinitionsParsed,      // produced the AST for the entire module
     TypesAddedToTable,      // added all definitions to the type table
     ValidatedAndLinked,     // AST is traversed and has linked the required AST nodes
     // When we continue with the compiler:
     // Typed,                  // Type inference and checking has been performed
+}
 pub struct Module {
     // Buffers
     pub source: InputSource,
     pub tokens: TokenBuffer,
     // Identifiers
     pub root_id: RootId,
     pub name: Option<(PragmaId, StringRef<'static>)>,
     pub version: Option<(PragmaId, i64)>,
     pub phase: ModuleCompilationPhase,
+}
 // TODO: This is kind of wrong. Because when we're producing bytecode we would
 //       like the bytecode itself to not have the notion of the size of a pointer
 //       type. But until I figure out what we do want I'll just set everything
 //       to a 64-bit architecture.
 pub struct TargetArch {
     pub array_size_alignment: (usize, usize),
     pub slice_size_alignment: (usize, usize),
     pub string_size_alignment: (usize, usize),
     pub port_size_alignment: (usize, usize),
     pub pointer_size_alignment: (usize, usize),
+}
 pub struct PassCtx<'a> {
     heap: &'a mut Heap,
     symbols: &'a mut SymbolTable,
     pool: &'a mut StringPool,
     arch: &'a TargetArch,
+}
 pub struct Parser {
     // Storage of all information created/gathered during compilation.
     pub(crate) heap: Heap,
     pub(crate) string_pool: StringPool, // Do not deallocate, holds all strings
     pub(crate) modules: Vec<Module>,
     pub(crate) symbol_table: SymbolTable,
     pub(crate) type_table: TypeTable,
     // Compiler passes, used as little state machine that keep their memory
     // around.
     pass_tokenizer: PassTokenizer,
     pass_symbols: PassSymbols,
     pass_import: PassImport,
     pass_definitions: PassDefinitions,
     pass_validation: PassValidationLinking,
     pass_typing: PassTyping,
     // Compiler options
     pub write_ast_to: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) arch: TargetArch,
+}
 impl Parser {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         let mut parser = Parser{
             heap: Heap::new(),
             string_pool: StringPool::new(),
             modules: Vec::new(),
             symbol_table: SymbolTable::new(),
             type_table: TypeTable::new(),
             pass_tokenizer: PassTokenizer::new(),
             pass_symbols: PassSymbols::new(),
             pass_import: PassImport::new(),
             pass_definitions: PassDefinitions::new(),
             pass_validation: PassValidationLinking::new(),
             pass_typing: PassTyping::new(),
             write_ast_to: None,
             arch: TargetArch {
                 array_size_alignment: (3*8, 8), // pointer, length, capacity
                 slice_size_alignment: (2*8, 8), // pointer, length
                 string_size_alignment: (3*8, 8), // pointer, length, capacity
                 port_size_alignment: (3*4, 4), // two u32s: connector + port ID
                 pointer_size_alignment: (8, 8),
+            }
         };
         parser.symbol_table.insert_scope(None, SymbolScope::Global);
         fn quick_type(variants: &[ParserTypeVariant]) -> ParserType {
             let mut t = ParserType{ elements: Vec::with_capacity(variants.len()), full_span: InputSpan::new() };
             for variant in variants {
                 t.elements.push(ParserTypeElement{ element_span: InputSpan::new(), variant: variant.clone() });
+            }
+            t
+        }
         use ParserTypeVariant as PTV;
         insert_builtin_function(&mut parser, "get", &["T"], |id| (
             vec![
                 ("input", quick_type(&[PTV::Input, PTV::PolymorphicArgument(id.upcast(), 0)]))
             ],
             quick_type(&[PTV::PolymorphicArgument(id.upcast(), 0)])
         ));
         insert_builtin_function(&mut parser, "put", &["T"], |id| (
             vec![
                 ("output", quick_type(&[PTV::Output, PTV::PolymorphicArgument(id.upcast(), 0)])),
                 ("value", quick_type(&[PTV::PolymorphicArgument(id.upcast(), 0)])),
             ],
             quick_type(&[PTV::Void])
         ));
         insert_builtin_function(&mut parser, "fires", &["T"], |id| (
             vec![
                 ("port", quick_type(&[PTV::InputOrOutput, PTV::PolymorphicArgument(id.upcast(), 0)]))
             ],
             quick_type(&[PTV::Bool])
         ));
         insert_builtin_function(&mut parser, "create", &["T"], |id| (
             vec![
                 ("length", quick_type(&[PTV::IntegerLike]))
             ],
             quick_type(&[PTV::ArrayLike, PTV::PolymorphicArgument(id.upcast(), 0)])
         ));
         insert_builtin_function(&mut parser, "length", &["T"], |id| (
             vec![
                 ("array", quick_type(&[PTV::ArrayLike, PTV::PolymorphicArgument(id.upcast(), 0)]))
             ],
             quick_type(&[PTV::UInt32]) // TODO: @PtrInt
         ));
         insert_builtin_function(&mut parser, "assert", &[], |_id| (
             vec![
                 ("condition", quick_type(&[PTV::Bool])),
             ],
             quick_type(&[PTV::Void])
         ));
         parser
+    }
     pub fn feed(&mut self, mut source: InputSource) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         // TODO: @Optimize
         let mut token_buffer = TokenBuffer::new();
         self.pass_tokenizer.tokenize(&mut source, &mut token_buffer)?;
         let module = Module{
             source,
             tokens: token_buffer,
             root_id: RootId::new_invalid(),
             name: None,
             version: None,
             phase: ModuleCompilationPhase::Tokenized,
         };
         self.modules.push(module);
         Ok(())
+    }
     pub fn parse(&mut self) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         let mut pass_ctx = PassCtx{
             heap: &mut self.heap,
             symbols: &mut self.symbol_table,
             pool: &mut self.string_pool,
             arch: &self.arch,
         };
         // Advance all modules to the phase where all symbols are scanned
         for module_idx in 0..self.modules.len() {
             self.pass_symbols.parse(&mut self.modules, module_idx, &mut pass_ctx)?;
+        }
         // With all symbols scanned, perform further compilation until we can
         // add all base types to the type table.
         for module_idx in 0..self.modules.len() {
             self.pass_import.parse(&mut self.modules, module_idx, &mut pass_ctx)?;
             self.pass_definitions.parse(&mut self.modules, module_idx, &mut pass_ctx)?;
+        }
         // Add every known type to the type table
         self.type_table.build_base_types(&mut self.modules, &mut pass_ctx)?;
         // Continue compilation with the remaining phases now that the types
         // are all in the type table
         for module_idx in 0..self.modules.len() {
             let mut ctx = visitor::Ctx{
                 heap: &mut self.heap,
                 module: &mut self.modules[module_idx],
                 modules: &mut self.modules,
                 module_idx,
                 symbols: &mut self.symbol_table,
                 types: &mut self.type_table,
                 arch: &self.arch,
             };
             self.pass_validation.visit_module(&mut ctx)?;
+        }
         // Perform typechecking on all modules
         let mut queue = ResolveQueue::new();
-        for module in &mut self.modules {
+        for module_idx in 0..self.modules.len() {
             let mut ctx = visitor::Ctx{
                 heap: &mut self.heap,
                 module,
                 modules: &mut self.modules,
                 module_idx,
                 symbols: &mut self.symbol_table,
                 types: &mut self.type_table,
                 arch: &self.arch,
             };
             PassTyping::queue_module_definitions(&mut ctx, &mut queue);
         };
         while !queue.is_empty() {
             let top = queue.pop().unwrap();
             let mut ctx = visitor::Ctx{
                 heap: &mut self.heap,
                 module: &mut self.modules[top.root_id.index as usize],
                 modules: &mut self.modules,
                 module_idx: top.root_id.index as usize,
                 symbols: &mut self.symbol_table,
                 types: &mut self.type_table,
                 arch: &self.arch,
             };
             self.pass_typing.handle_module_definition(&mut ctx, &mut queue, top)?;
+        }
         // Write out desired information
         if let Some(filename) = &self.write_ast_to {
             let mut writer = ASTWriter::new();
             let mut file = std::fs::File::create(std::path::Path::new(filename)).unwrap();
             writer.write_ast(&mut file, &self.heap);
+        }
         Ok(())
+    }
+}
 // Note: args and return type need to be a function because we need to know the function ID.
 fn insert_builtin_function<T: Fn(FunctionDefinitionId) -> (Vec<(&'static str, ParserType)>, ParserType)> (
     p: &mut Parser, func_name: &str, polymorphic: &[&str], arg_and_return_fn: T) {
     let mut poly_vars = Vec::with_capacity(polymorphic.len());
     for poly_var in polymorphic {
         poly_vars.push(Identifier{ span: InputSpan::new(), value: p.string_pool.intern(poly_var.as_bytes()) });
+    }
     let func_ident_ref = p.string_pool.intern(func_name.as_bytes());
     let func_id = p.heap.alloc_function_definition(|this| FunctionDefinition{
         this,
         defined_in: RootId::new_invalid(),
         builtin: true,
         span: InputSpan::new(),
         identifier: Identifier{ span: InputSpan::new(), value: func_ident_ref.clone() },
         poly_vars,
         return_types: Vec::new(),
         parameters: Vec::new(),
         body: BlockStatementId::new_invalid(),
         num_expressions_in_body: -1,
     });
     let (args, ret) = arg_and_return_fn(func_id);
     let mut parameters = Vec::with_capacity(args.len());
     for (arg_name, arg_type) in args {
         let identifier = Identifier{ span: InputSpan::new(), value: p.string_pool.intern(arg_name.as_bytes()) };
         let param_id = p.heap.alloc_variable(|this| Variable{
             this,
             kind: VariableKind::Parameter,
             parser_type: arg_type.clone(),
             identifier,
             relative_pos_in_block: 0,
             unique_id_in_scope: 0
         });
         parameters.push(param_id);
+    }
     let func = &mut p.heap[func_id];
     func.parameters = parameters;
     func.return_types.push(ret);
     p.symbol_table.insert_symbol(SymbolScope::Global, Symbol{
         name: func_ident_ref,
         variant: SymbolVariant::Definition(SymbolDefinition{
             defined_in_module: RootId::new_invalid(),
             defined_in_scope: SymbolScope::Global,
             definition_span: InputSpan::new(),
             identifier_span: InputSpan::new(),
             imported_at: None,
             class: DefinitionClass::Function,
             definition_id: func_id.upcast(),
         })
     }).unwrap();
+}
@@ \ No newline at end of file @@

src/protocol/parser/pass_definitions.rs

➞

Show inline comments

 use crate::protocol::ast::*;
 use super::symbol_table::*;
 use super::{Module, ModuleCompilationPhase, PassCtx};
 use super::tokens::*;
 use super::token_parsing::*;
 use crate::protocol::input_source::{InputSource as InputSource, InputPosition as InputPosition, InputSpan, ParseError};
 use crate::collections::*;
 /// Parses all the tokenized definitions into actual AST nodes.
 pub(crate) struct PassDefinitions {
     // State associated with the definition currently being processed
     cur_definition: DefinitionId,
     // Temporary buffers of various kinds
     buffer: String,
     struct_fields: ScopedBuffer<StructFieldDefinition>,
     enum_variants: ScopedBuffer<EnumVariantDefinition>,
     union_variants: ScopedBuffer<UnionVariantDefinition>,
     variables: ScopedBuffer<VariableId>,
     expressions: ScopedBuffer<ExpressionId>,
     statements: ScopedBuffer<StatementId>,
     parser_types: ScopedBuffer<ParserType>,
+}
 impl PassDefinitions {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
         Self{
             cur_definition: DefinitionId::new_invalid(),
             buffer: String::with_capacity(128),
             struct_fields: ScopedBuffer::new_reserved(128),
             enum_variants: ScopedBuffer::new_reserved(128),
             union_variants: ScopedBuffer::new_reserved(128),
             variables: ScopedBuffer::new_reserved(128),
             expressions: ScopedBuffer::new_reserved(128),
             statements: ScopedBuffer::new_reserved(128),
             parser_types: ScopedBuffer::new_reserved(128),
+        }
+    }
     pub(crate) fn parse(&mut self, modules: &mut [Module], module_idx: usize, ctx: &mut PassCtx) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         let module = &modules[module_idx];
         let module_range = &module.tokens.ranges[0];
         debug_assert_eq!(module.phase, ModuleCompilationPhase::ImportsResolved);
         debug_assert_eq!(module_range.range_kind, TokenRangeKind::Module);
         // Although we only need to parse the definitions, we want to go through
         // code ranges as well such that we can throw errors if we get
         // unexpected tokens at the module level of the source.
         let mut range_idx = module_range.first_child_idx;
         loop {
             let range_idx_usize = range_idx as usize;
             let cur_range = &module.tokens.ranges[range_idx_usize];
             match cur_range.range_kind {
                 TokenRangeKind::Module => unreachable!(), // should not be reachable
                 TokenRangeKind::Pragma | TokenRangeKind::Import => {
                     // Already fully parsed, fall through and go to next range
                 },
                 TokenRangeKind::Definition | TokenRangeKind::Code => {
                     // Visit range even if it is a "code" range to provide
                     // proper error messages.
                     self.visit_range(modules, module_idx, ctx, range_idx_usize)?;
                 },
+            }
             if cur_range.next_sibling_idx == NO_SIBLING {
                 break;
             } else {
                 range_idx = cur_range.next_sibling_idx;
+            }
+        }
         modules[module_idx].phase = ModuleCompilationPhase::DefinitionsParsed;
         Ok(())
+    }
     fn visit_range(
         &mut self, modules: &[Module], module_idx: usize, ctx: &mut PassCtx, range_idx: usize
     ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         let module = &modules[module_idx];
         let cur_range = &module.tokens.ranges[range_idx];
         debug_assert!(cur_range.range_kind == TokenRangeKind::Definition || cur_range.range_kind == TokenRangeKind::Code);
         // Detect which definition we're parsing
         let mut iter = module.tokens.iter_range(cur_range);
         loop {
             let next = iter.next();
             if next.is_none() {
                 return Ok(())
+            }
             // Token was not None, so peek_ident returns None if not an ident
             let ident = peek_ident(&module.source, &mut iter);
             match ident {
                 Some(KW_STRUCT) => self.visit_struct_definition(module, &mut iter, ctx)?,
                 Some(KW_ENUM) => self.visit_enum_definition(module, &mut iter, ctx)?,
                 Some(KW_UNION) => self.visit_union_definition(module, &mut iter, ctx)?,
                 Some(KW_FUNCTION) => self.visit_function_definition(module, &mut iter, ctx)?,
                 Some(KW_PRIMITIVE) | Some(KW_COMPOSITE) => self.visit_component_definition(module, &mut iter, ctx)?,
                 _ => return Err(ParseError::new_error_str_at_pos(
                     &module.source, iter.last_valid_pos(),
                     "unexpected symbol, expected a keyword marking the start of a definition"
                 )),
+            }
+        }
+    }
     fn visit_struct_definition(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_STRUCT)?;
         let (ident_text, _) = consume_ident(&module.source, iter)?;
         // Retrieve preallocated DefinitionId
         let module_scope = SymbolScope::Module(module.root_id);
         let definition_id = ctx.symbols.get_symbol_by_name_defined_in_scope(module_scope, ident_text)
             .unwrap().variant.as_definition().definition_id;
         self.cur_definition = definition_id;
         // Parse struct definition
         consume_polymorphic_vars_spilled(&module.source, iter, ctx)?;
         let mut fields_section = self.struct_fields.start_section();
         consume_comma_separated(
             TokenKind::OpenCurly, TokenKind::CloseCurly, &module.source, iter, ctx,
             |source, iter, ctx| {
                 let poly_vars = ctx.heap[definition_id].poly_vars();
                 let start_pos = iter.last_valid_pos();
                 let parser_type = consume_parser_type(
                     source, iter, &ctx.symbols, &ctx.heap, poly_vars, module_scope,
                     definition_id, false, 0
                 )?;
                 let field = consume_ident_interned(source, iter, ctx)?;
                 Ok(StructFieldDefinition{
                     span: InputSpan::from_positions(start_pos, field.span.end),
                     field, parser_type
                 })
             },
             &mut fields_section, "a struct field", "a list of struct fields", None
         )?;
         // Transfer to preallocated definition
         let struct_def = ctx.heap[definition_id].as_struct_mut();
         struct_def.fields = fields_section.into_vec();
         Ok(())
+    }
     fn visit_enum_definition(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_ENUM)?;
         let (ident_text, _) = consume_ident(&module.source, iter)?;
         // Retrieve preallocated DefinitionId
         let module_scope = SymbolScope::Module(module.root_id);
         let definition_id = ctx.symbols.get_symbol_by_name_defined_in_scope(module_scope, ident_text)
             .unwrap().variant.as_definition().definition_id;
         self.cur_definition = definition_id;
         // Parse enum definition
         consume_polymorphic_vars_spilled(&module.source, iter, ctx)?;
         let mut enum_section = self.enum_variants.start_section();
         consume_comma_separated(
             TokenKind::OpenCurly, TokenKind::CloseCurly, &module.source, iter, ctx,
             |source, iter, ctx| {
                 let identifier = consume_ident_interned(source, iter, ctx)?;
                 let value = if iter.next() == Some(TokenKind::Equal) {
                     iter.consume();
                     let (variant_number, _) = consume_integer_literal(source, iter, &mut self.buffer)?;
                     EnumVariantValue::Integer(variant_number as i64) // TODO: @int
                 } else {
                     EnumVariantValue::None
                 };
                 Ok(EnumVariantDefinition{ identifier, value })
             },
             &mut enum_section, "an enum variant", "a list of enum variants", None
         )?;
         // Transfer to definition
         let enum_def = ctx.heap[definition_id].as_enum_mut();
         enum_def.variants = enum_section.into_vec();
         Ok(())
+    }
     fn visit_union_definition(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_UNION)?;
         let (ident_text, _) = consume_ident(&module.source, iter)?;
         // Retrieve preallocated DefinitionId
         let module_scope = SymbolScope::Module(module.root_id);
         let definition_id = ctx.symbols.get_symbol_by_name_defined_in_scope(module_scope, ident_text)
             .unwrap().variant.as_definition().definition_id;
         self.cur_definition = definition_id;
         // Parse union definition
         consume_polymorphic_vars_spilled(&module.source, iter, ctx)?;
         let mut variants_section = self.union_variants.start_section();
         consume_comma_separated(
             TokenKind::OpenCurly, TokenKind::CloseCurly, &module.source, iter, ctx,
             |source, iter, ctx| {
                 let identifier = consume_ident_interned(source, iter, ctx)?;
                 let mut close_pos = identifier.span.end;
                 let mut types_section = self.parser_types.start_section();
                 let has_embedded = maybe_consume_comma_separated(
                     TokenKind::OpenParen, TokenKind::CloseParen, source, iter, ctx,
                     |source, iter, ctx| {
                         let poly_vars = ctx.heap[definition_id].poly_vars();
                         consume_parser_type(
                             source, iter, &ctx.symbols, &ctx.heap, poly_vars,
                             module_scope, definition_id, false, 0
+                        )
                     },
                     &mut types_section, "an embedded type", Some(&mut close_pos)
                 )?;
                 let value = if has_embedded {
-                    UnionVariantValue::Embedded(types_section.into_vec())
                     types_section.into_vec()
                 } else {
                     types_section.forget();
-                    UnionVariantValue::None
+                    Vec::new()
                 };
                 Ok(UnionVariantDefinition{
                     span: InputSpan::from_positions(identifier.span.begin, close_pos),
                     identifier,
                     value
                 })
             },
             &mut variants_section, "a union variant", "a list of union variants", None
         )?;
         // Transfer to AST
         let union_def = ctx.heap[definition_id].as_union_mut();
         union_def.variants = variants_section.into_vec();
         Ok(())
+    }
     fn visit_function_definition(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         // Retrieve function name
         consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_FUNCTION)?;
         let (ident_text, _) = consume_ident(&module.source, iter)?;
         // Retrieve preallocated DefinitionId
         let module_scope = SymbolScope::Module(module.root_id);
         let definition_id = ctx.symbols.get_symbol_by_name_defined_in_scope(module_scope, ident_text)
             .unwrap().variant.as_definition().definition_id;
         self.cur_definition = definition_id;
         consume_polymorphic_vars_spilled(&module.source, iter, ctx)?;
         // Parse function's argument list
         let mut parameter_section = self.variables.start_section();
         consume_parameter_list(
             &module.source, iter, ctx, &mut parameter_section, module_scope, definition_id
         )?;
         let parameters = parameter_section.into_vec();
         // Consume return types
         consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::ArrowRight)?;
         let mut return_types = self.parser_types.start_section();
         let mut open_curly_pos = iter.last_valid_pos(); // bogus value
         consume_comma_separated_until(
             TokenKind::OpenCurly, &module.source, iter, ctx,
             |source, iter, ctx| {
                 let poly_vars = ctx.heap[definition_id].poly_vars();
                 consume_parser_type(source, iter, &ctx.symbols, &ctx.heap, poly_vars, module_scope, definition_id, false, 0)
             },
             &mut return_types, "a return type", Some(&mut open_curly_pos)
         )?;
         let return_types = return_types.into_vec();
         // TODO: @ReturnValues
         match return_types.len() {
 => return Err(ParseError::new_error_str_at_pos(&module.source, open_curly_pos, "expected a return type")),
 => {},
             _ => return Err(ParseError::new_error_str_at_pos(&module.source, open_curly_pos, "multiple return types are not (yet) allowed")),
+        }
         // Consume block
         let body = self.consume_block_statement_without_leading_curly(module, iter, ctx, open_curly_pos)?;
         // Assign everything in the preallocated AST node
         let function = ctx.heap[definition_id].as_function_mut();
         function.return_types = return_types;
         function.parameters = parameters;
         function.body = body;
         Ok(())
+    }
     fn visit_component_definition(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         // Consume component variant and name
         let (_variant_text, _) = consume_any_ident(&module.source, iter)?;
         debug_assert!(_variant_text == KW_PRIMITIVE || _variant_text == KW_COMPOSITE);
         let (ident_text, _) = consume_ident(&module.source, iter)?;
         // Retrieve preallocated definition
         let module_scope = SymbolScope::Module(module.root_id);
         let definition_id = ctx.symbols.get_symbol_by_name_defined_in_scope(module_scope, ident_text)
             .unwrap().variant.as_definition().definition_id;
         self.cur_definition = definition_id;
         consume_polymorphic_vars_spilled(&module.source, iter, ctx)?;
         // Parse component's argument list
         let mut parameter_section = self.variables.start_section();
         consume_parameter_list(
             &module.source, iter, ctx, &mut parameter_section, module_scope, definition_id
         )?;
         let parameters = parameter_section.into_vec();
         // Consume block
         let body = self.consume_block_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
         // Assign everything in the AST node
         let component = ctx.heap[definition_id].as_component_mut();
         component.parameters = parameters;
         component.body = body;
         Ok(())
+    }
     /// Consumes a block statement. If the resulting statement is not a block
     /// (e.g. for a shorthand "if (expr) single_statement") then it will be
     /// wrapped in one
     fn consume_block_or_wrapped_statement(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<BlockStatementId, ParseError> {
         if Some(TokenKind::OpenCurly) == iter.next() {
             // This is a block statement
             self.consume_block_statement(module, iter, ctx)
         } else {
             // Not a block statement, so wrap it in one
             let mut statements = self.statements.start_section();
             let wrap_begin_pos = iter.last_valid_pos();
             self.consume_statement(module, iter, ctx, &mut statements)?;
             let wrap_end_pos = iter.last_valid_pos();
             let statements = statements.into_vec();
             let id = ctx.heap.alloc_block_statement(|this| BlockStatement{
                 this,
                 is_implicit: true,
                 span: InputSpan::from_positions(wrap_begin_pos, wrap_end_pos),
                 statements,
                 end_block: EndBlockStatementId::new_invalid(),
                 scope_node: ScopeNode::new_invalid(),
                 first_unique_id_in_scope: -1,
                 next_unique_id_in_scope: -1,
                 relative_pos_in_parent: 0,
                 locals: Vec::new(),
                 labels: Vec::new(),
                 next: StatementId::new_invalid(),
             });
             let end_block = ctx.heap.alloc_end_block_statement(|this| EndBlockStatement{
                 this, start_block: id, next: StatementId::new_invalid()
             });
             let block_stmt = &mut ctx.heap[id];
             block_stmt.end_block = end_block;
             Ok(id)
+        }
+    }
     /// Consumes a statement and returns a boolean indicating whether it was a
     /// block or not.
     fn consume_statement(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx, section: &mut ScopedSection<StatementId>
     ) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
         let next = iter.next().expect("consume_statement has a next token");
         if next == TokenKind::OpenCurly {
             let id = self.consume_block_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
             section.push(id.upcast());
         } else if next == TokenKind::Ident {
             let ident = peek_ident(&module.source, iter).unwrap();
             if ident == KW_STMT_IF {
                 // Consume if statement and place end-if statement directly
                 // after it.
                 let id = self.consume_if_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast());
                 let end_if = ctx.heap.alloc_end_if_statement(|this| EndIfStatement{
                     this, start_if: id, next: StatementId::new_invalid()
                 });
                 section.push(end_if.upcast());
                 let if_stmt = &mut ctx.heap[id];
                 if_stmt.end_if = end_if;
             } else if ident == KW_STMT_WHILE {
                 let id = self.consume_while_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast());
                 let end_while = ctx.heap.alloc_end_while_statement(|this| EndWhileStatement{
                     this, start_while: id, next: StatementId::new_invalid()
                 });
                 section.push(end_while.upcast());
                 let while_stmt = &mut ctx.heap[id];
                 while_stmt.end_while = end_while;
             } else if ident == KW_STMT_BREAK {
                 let id = self.consume_break_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast());
             } else if ident == KW_STMT_CONTINUE {
                 let id = self.consume_continue_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast());
             } else if ident == KW_STMT_SYNC {
                 let id = self.consume_synchronous_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast());
                 let end_sync = ctx.heap.alloc_end_synchronous_statement(|this| EndSynchronousStatement{
                     this, start_sync: id, next: StatementId::new_invalid()
                 });
                 section.push(end_sync.upcast());
                 let sync_stmt = &mut ctx.heap[id];
                 sync_stmt.end_sync = end_sync;
             } else if ident == KW_STMT_RETURN {
                 let id = self.consume_return_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast());
             } else if ident == KW_STMT_GOTO {
                 let id = self.consume_goto_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast());
             } else if ident == KW_STMT_NEW {
                 let id = self.consume_new_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast());
             } else if ident == KW_STMT_CHANNEL {
                 let id = self.consume_channel_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                 section.push(id.upcast().upcast());
             } else if iter.peek() == Some(TokenKind::Colon) {
                 self.consume_labeled_statement(module, iter, ctx, section)?;
             } else {
                 // Two fallback possibilities: the first one is a memory
                 // declaration, the other one is to parse it as a regular
                 // expression. This is a bit ugly
                 if let Some((memory_stmt_id, assignment_stmt_id)) = self.maybe_consume_memory_statement(module, iter, ctx)? {
                     section.push(memory_stmt_id.upcast().upcast());
                     section.push(assignment_stmt_id.upcast());
                 } else {
                     let id = self.consume_expression_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
                     section.push(id.upcast());
+                }
+            }
         } else {
             let id = self.consume_expression_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
             section.push(id.upcast());
+        }
         return Ok(());
+    }
     fn consume_block_statement(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<BlockStatementId, ParseError> {
         let open_span = consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::OpenCurly)?;
         self.consume_block_statement_without_leading_curly(module, iter, ctx, open_span.begin)
+    }
     fn consume_block_statement_without_leading_curly(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx, open_curly_pos: InputPosition
     ) -> Result<BlockStatementId, ParseError> {
         let mut stmt_section = self.statements.start_section();
         let mut next = iter.next();
         while next != Some(TokenKind::CloseCurly) {
             if next.is_none() {
                 return Err(ParseError::new_error_str_at_pos(
                     &module.source, iter.last_valid_pos(), "expected a statement or '}'"
                 ));
+            }
             self.consume_statement(module, iter, ctx, &mut stmt_section)?;
             next = iter.next();
+        }
         let statements = stmt_section.into_vec();
         let mut block_span = consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::CloseCurly)?;
         block_span.begin = open_curly_pos;
         let id = ctx.heap.alloc_block_statement(|this| BlockStatement{
             this,
             is_implicit: false,
             span: block_span,
             statements,
             end_block: EndBlockStatementId::new_invalid(),
             scope_node: ScopeNode::new_invalid(),
             first_unique_id_in_scope: -1,
             next_unique_id_in_scope: -1,
             relative_pos_in_parent: 0,
             locals: Vec::new(),
             labels: Vec::new(),
             next: StatementId::new_invalid(),
         });
         let end_block = ctx.heap.alloc_end_block_statement(|this| EndBlockStatement{
             this, start_block: id, next: StatementId::new_invalid()
         });
         let block_stmt = &mut ctx.heap[id];
         block_stmt.end_block = end_block;
         Ok(id)
+    }
     fn consume_if_statement(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<IfStatementId, ParseError> {
         let if_span = consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_STMT_IF)?;
         consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::OpenParen)?;
         let test = self.consume_expression(module, iter, ctx)?;
         consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::CloseParen)?;
         let true_body = self.consume_block_or_wrapped_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
         let false_body = if has_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_STMT_ELSE) {
             iter.consume();
             let false_body = self.consume_block_or_wrapped_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
             Some(false_body)
         } else {
             None
         };
         Ok(ctx.heap.alloc_if_statement(|this| IfStatement{
             this,
             span: if_span,
             test,
             true_body,
             false_body,
             end_if: EndIfStatementId::new_invalid(),
         }))
+    }
     fn consume_while_statement(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<WhileStatementId, ParseError> {
         let while_span = consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_STMT_WHILE)?;
         consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::OpenParen)?;
         let test = self.consume_expression(module, iter, ctx)?;
         consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::CloseParen)?;
         let body = self.consume_block_or_wrapped_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
         Ok(ctx.heap.alloc_while_statement(|this| WhileStatement{
             this,
             span: while_span,
             test,
             body,
             end_while: EndWhileStatementId::new_invalid(),
             in_sync: SynchronousStatementId::new_invalid(),
         }))
+    }
     fn consume_break_statement(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<BreakStatementId, ParseError> {
         let break_span = consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_STMT_BREAK)?;
         let label = if Some(TokenKind::Ident) == iter.next() {
             let label = consume_ident_interned(&module.source, iter, ctx)?;
             Some(label)
         } else {
             None
         };
         consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::SemiColon)?;
         Ok(ctx.heap.alloc_break_statement(|this| BreakStatement{
             this,
             span: break_span,
             label,
             target: None,
         }))
+    }
     fn consume_continue_statement(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<ContinueStatementId, ParseError> {
         let continue_span = consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_STMT_CONTINUE)?;
         let label=  if Some(TokenKind::Ident) == iter.next() {
             let label = consume_ident_interned(&module.source, iter, ctx)?;
             Some(label)
         } else {
             None
         };
         consume_token(&module.source, iter, TokenKind::SemiColon)?;
         Ok(ctx.heap.alloc_continue_statement(|this| ContinueStatement{
             this,
             span: continue_span,
             label,
             target: None
         }))
+    }
     fn consume_synchronous_statement(
         &mut self, module: &Module, iter: &mut TokenIter, ctx: &mut PassCtx
     ) -> Result<SynchronousStatementId, ParseError> {
         let synchronous_span = consume_exact_ident(&module.source, iter, KW_STMT_SYNC)?;
         let body = self.consume_block_or_wrapped_statement(module, iter, ctx)?;
         Ok(ctx.heap.alloc_synchronous_statement(|this| SynchronousStatement{
             this,
             span: synchronous_span,
             body,
             end_sync: EndSynchronousStatementId::new_invalid(),

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