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\documentclass{acm_proc_article-sp}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{color, colortbl}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{multirow}

\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames]{xcolor}

\begin{document}

\title{Towards Explaining  Clicks on Recommendations}

% You need the command \numberofauthors to handle the 'placement
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% For aesthetic reasons, we recommend 'three authors at a time'
% i.e. three 'name/affiliation blocks' be placed beneath the title.
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% the seventh etc. author(s) as the argument for the
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% without further effort on your part as the last section in
% the body of your article BEFORE References or any Appendices.

% \numberofauthors{8} %  in this sample file, there are a *total*
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\author{
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% Ben Trovato\titlenote{Dr.~Trovato insisted his name be first.}\\
%        \affaddr{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}\\
%        \affaddr{1932 Wallamaloo Lane}\\
%        \affaddr{Wallamaloo, New Zealand}\\
%        \email{trovato@corporation.com}
% % 2nd. author
% \alignauthor
% G.K.M. Tobin\titlenote{The secretary disavows
% any knowledge of this author's actions.}\\
%        \affaddr{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}\\
%        \affaddr{P.O. Box 1212}\\
%        \affaddr{Dublin, Ohio 43017-6221}\\
%        \email{webmaster@marysville-ohio.com}
% % 3rd. author
% \alignauthor Lars Th{\o}rv{\a}ld\titlenote{This author is the
% one who did all the really hard work.}\\
%        \affaddr{The Th{\o}rv{\a}ld Group}\\
%        \affaddr{1 Th{\o}rv{\a}ld Circle}\\
%        \affaddr{Hekla, Iceland}\\
%        \email{larst@affiliation.org}
% \and  % use '\and' if you need 'another row' of author names
% % 4th. author
% \alignauthor Lawrence P. Leipuner\\
%        \affaddr{Brookhaven Laboratories}\\
%        \affaddr{Brookhaven National Lab}\\
%        \affaddr{P.O. Box 5000}\\
%        \email{lleipuner@researchlabs.org}
% % 5th. author
% \alignauthor Sean Fogarty\\
%        \affaddr{NASA Ames Research Center}\\
%        \affaddr{Moffett Field}\\
%        \affaddr{California 94035}\\
%        \email{fogartys@amesres.org}
% % 6th. author
% \alignauthor Charles Palmer\\
%        \affaddr{Palmer Research Laboratories}\\
%        \affaddr{8600 Datapoint Drive}\\
%        \affaddr{San Antonio, Texas 78229}\\
%        \email{cpalmer@prl.com}
}



% There's nothing stopping you putting the seventh, eighth, etc.
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% \additionalauthors{Additional authors: John Smith (The Th{\o}rv{\a}ld Group,
% email: {\texttt{jsmith@affiliation.org}}) and Julius P.~Kumquat
% (The Kumquat Consortium, email: {\texttt{jpkumquat@consortium.net}}).}
% \date{30 July 1999}


% Just remember to make sure that the TOTAL number of authors
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\maketitle

%opening
\title{Items that trigger clicks on recommendation}
\author{}


\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
In a setting where  recommendations are provided to users when they are viewing particular items (base items), what are the  factors that contribute to clicks on recommendations?  We examine whether a click on a recommendation is a function of the base item, the recommended item, or of both.  More specifically, we examine the items from which clicks happen and what type of items get clicked. Are some base items more likely to cause the user to click  on recommendations, and are some  recommendations more likely to be clicked?   We attempt to explain the factors that trigger clicks on recommendations at the levels of categories of items, transitions between the categories. 

\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}
 In a  study that investigated the relationship between the number of times  items are viewed and the the number of times clicks happened from those items  in several online publishers  \cite{said2013month}, it was reported that traditional news portals providing news and opinions on politics and current events are more likely to generate clicks on recommendation than special interest portals such as sports,  gardening, and auto mechanic forums.  Another study \cite{esiyok2014users}, using a similar dataset, investigated the impressions and clicks at level of the category  of items of one of the traditional news portals - Tagesspiegel (a popular German national news portal).  The finding was that there is a relationship between what the user is currently reading and what they  read next. They  reported that the categories local and sports enjoyed the most loyal readers, that is, that a user reading on local items will more likely keep reading items of the same category.  % recommendations that were made to the different websites raising a queation as to whether the clicks on recommendations were because of nature of the online publishers or the recommendation items.this study, we focus on one traditional news portal, tagespiegel and examine it to find out factors that trigger recommendations on clicks or lack thereof. %wether some categories are more likely to recieve clicks on recommendations. We also even go further and look at what type of items are more likely to trigger more clicks than others.

 While both  studies are very related and relevant to our interest in factors that contribute to clicks, they  did not investigate the relationship between the base items, the recommended items and the resulting clicks or lack thereof. In a recommendation setting where recommendation items are provided to  users on the items that the user is currently  viewing (henceforth referred to as base items),   what are the factors that trigger users to click on recommendations?  Are the clicks a function of the base items or of the recommended items? Do some base items and some recommended items cause users to click on recommendations more than others, and if they do what explains this difference? 
 

In this study we examine these factors using the categories of the base items and the recommended items. 
%that might trigger clicks on recommendations  from several angles. One angle  is from  the categories of the base items the user is currently reading. More specifically, 
Are some categories   more likely to  cause the user to click on recommendations? 
%Similarly, we examine the categories of the recommended items and investigate whether some are more likely to trigger clicks on themselves upon recommendation.
We also investigate how  the categories of the base items and the categories of the recommendation items are related in the way they trigger clicks. %Are some categories  more likely to trigger clicks on some categories? For example, is political category more likely to trigger clicks on political categories, or another category such as local category? 
%We also go down to the item level and look at the relationships of the base items and the recommendation items with respect to how likely they are to trigger clicks.  More specifically, 
We examine whether those base items that are more likely to trigger clicks on recommendations are the same as  the recommended items that are more likely to receive  clicks. 

The study contributes to the understanding of factors that influence recommendation systems. The insights from investigating from different angles help 1) to understand what aspects of the base  item causes the  user to click on a recommendation,  2) to understand what aspects of the recommended items make the user click on those recommendations, and  3) to target those items that generate clicks and to ignore those that do not.



% are more likely to trigger clicks, and what recommendation items are more likely to be clicked. To accomplish this task, we focus on items of categories that trigger more clicks. We identify items that triggered more clicks and items that caused less clicks. We also examine the relationship of the items that triggered clicks and the recommendations that are clicked and not clicked. 
% 
% 
% 
% We also examine  the relationship of the contenet of the base items and the items that are clicked to glean any relationship. For this, we employ contenet similarity measures between the base item and those items that are clicked from the base item. %A third angle is to look at the relationship between the  content of the base item and the items that are clicked from it. %This is interesting because sometimes it is not clear whether there i a direct relationship between the content similarity and behavioral factors. 
% we can also look at  whether users actually clicked on those items which have some geographical relevance in the sense that the items are about the geographical region that they come from too.
% 
% 
%  



\section{Dataset}

We used a dataset off user-item interactions on Tagesspiegel, a real online German news portal. The  dataset was collected from  from 15-04-2015 to 04-07-2015. Items in Tagesspiegel are manually placed by the journalists  under  categories. For our study, we investigated $\mathit{9}$ categories: \textbf{politics (politik)}, \textbf{business (wirtschaft}, \textbf{sports (sport)}, \textbf{culture (kultur}, \textbf{world (weltspiegel)}, \textbf{opinion (meinung)}, \textbf{media (medien)}, \textbf{education (wissen)} and the local category \textbf{berlin}.   

The dataset is aggregated from the logs of the  recommender systems that we used during our participation in the CLEF NewsREEL 2015 challenge \cite{kille2015overview}. This challenge offered   participants the opportunity to plug their recommendation algorithms to  Plista\footnote{http://orp.plista.com/documentation} and provide recommendations to  real users visiting online publishers. Plista is a recommendation  framework that connects recommendation providers such as ourselves and recommendation service requester such as online news portals. Participation in the challenge enabled us to collect information of user-item interaction such as impressions (a user viewing an item), updates (appearance of new item, or change of  content of existing item) and clicks (a user clicking on recommendation item). 

The three  recommendation algorithms that we used are two instances of \textbf{Recency}, and one instance of  \textbf{RecencyRandom}. The Recency algorithm keeps the most recently viewed or updated items and recommends the top  $\mathit{k}$  most recent items every time a recommendation request is made. The RecencyRandom recommender keeps the most recent $\mathit{100}$ items at any time and recommends, randomly, the requested number of items every time a  recommendation request is made. 

 Unfortunately, click information provided by the Plista platform does not include whether the click on recommendation received  is in response to our recommendations or on someone other participants' recommendations. Since we know the user and the base item for which we recommended and the recommended items, we considered a click notification on one of our recommended items as a click on our recommendation,  if that click happened with in $\mathit{5}$ minutes  from the time of our recommendation.  From the combined collected dataset,  we extracted the base item, the category of the base item, the recommended item,  the category of the recommended item, the number of times a recommendation item has been recommended to a base item (view) and the number of times that the recommended item has been clicked from the base item. From  the views and clicks, we compute   click-through-rate (CTR) as the percentage of  views that are clicked.   A sample of the dataset is presented in Table \ref{tab:sample}. 


\begin{table*}

\caption{A sample of the dataset. \label{tab:sample}}
\centering
  \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
           Base Item  &  Base Item Category & Commendation& Recommendation Category &View&Click & CTR \\
           \hline

229397219 &229495114   &   Berlin &     Berlin &  17   &  1  & 5.88\\
230306628 &230291175&     politics &     wissen &   14 &    1 & 7.14\\
40485126 & 225589114  &      Berlin &    politics  & 2    & 0  & 0.00\\
   \hline
   
  \end{tabular}
  
\end{table*}


%Plista is a company that provides a recommendation platform where recommendation providers are linked with online publishers in need of recommendation sertvice.
% It is not easy to get the exact number of times a recommendation item is recommended to a   certain base item since the logs did not include wWe assume that the number of times a base item has been viewed as the number of times recommendations were shown. We assume this to be a fair assumption as recommendation were sought each time a an item was viewed by a user. % Although each time an item is viewed, more than one item (usually 5 items) are shown to the user as recommendations, we just count the number of clicks that have happened from those items 
% regardless of which items are clicked. 


\section{Results and Analysis}

Our dataset consists of a total of $\mathit{288979}$ base-item \\recommendation-item pairs. To see the relationship between views and clicks, we first  sorted the dataset according to views and then  normalized the \textbf{view} and \textbf{click} counts by the total number of views and the total number of clicks, respectively. We then selected the top $\mathit{1000}$ pairs and plotted the views  and the clicks. The reason for normalization is to be able to plot them together for easy comparison. %The selection of only $\mathit{1000}$ pairs is because the more items we use, the more difficult is to see . 

Figure \ref{fig:view_click} shows the plot of views and clicks for the $\mathit{1000}$ pairs. The blue plot  is for views and is smooth since the data was sorted by views. The red plot is for the corresponding clicks on recommendations. We observe that the clicks do not follow the views, an indication  that t clicks do not correspond with the number  of times that a recommendation items is recommended to a base item. This observation  is the primary reason we set out to investigate, the relation between base items and recommended items and their attractiveness to the user, to begin with.  The ragged click plot shows that some items are more likely to trigger clicks on recommendations than others.  What can possibly explain this observation?  What causes these difference in CTR scores for the various items? 
 
\begin{figure} [t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{img/tage_view_click1000-crop.pdf}

\caption{Plots of views (blue) and clicks (red). The Plots are generated by first sorting by  views.  The difference in between the view and click plots suggests that some items are more likely to trigger clicks on recommendation than others. \label{fig:view_click}}
\end{figure}


% 
%  \begin{figure} [t]
% \centering
% \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{img/tage_view100.pdf}
% 
% \label{fig:view100}
% \caption{Plot of the most viewed 100 items}
% \end{figure}


%  \begin{figure} [t]
% \centering
% \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{img/tage_click100.pdf}
% 
% \label{fig:click100}
% \caption{Plot of the clicks triggered from the 100 most viewed items}
% \end{figure}
% 
% 

\subsection{Categories of Base and Recommendation Items}

To start to explain the difference between the view plot and the click plot observed in \ref{fig:view_click},  we aggregated  views and clicks by the $\mathit{9}$ categories of   items  that the items are placed under in the Tagesspiegel website. The aggregation gives us two results: view and click counts of the  categories as base and as recommendation.   With the categories, we attempt to answer two questions: 1)  is there a relationship between the category of the base item and the likelihood of triggering  a click on recommendation?, and  2) is there a relationship between the category of the recommended item and the likelihood of triggering a click upon its recommendation?    Tables \ref{tab:base} and \ref{tab:reco} present  the views, clicks and CTR scores. The results are sorted by CTR scores. 

We observe  a difference between the base categories and the recommendation categories with respect to the likelihood of triggering clicks.  In the base categories,   items of  \textbf{politics} are more likely to trigger clicks  than  other categories,  followed by \textbf{opinion} and \textbf{world}. Special categories such as \textbf{culture} and and \textbf{education} are the least likely to trigger clicks on recommendations. This is consistent with the previous findings that reported special interest portals generate  less clicks on recommendations than traditional portals of providing news, opinions and current events. 


\begin{table*}

\caption{The views, clicks, and CTR of the categories . Table \ref{tab:base} is for the categories in base and \ref{tab:reco} is for the categories in recommendation. The CTR scores are generally higher in recommendation, and the ranking of the categories in terms of the CTR scores are different in base and in recommendation. }
\parbox{.45\linewidth}{
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
           category  &  Views & Clicks & CTR (\%)\\
           \hline


politics&73197&178&0.24\\
media&22426&50&0.22\\
weltspiegel&37413&77&0.21\\
wirtschaft&30045&61&0.2\\
sport&29812&58&0.19\\
berlin&123595&129&0.1\\
meinung&4611&3&0.07\\
kultur&21840&11&0.05\\
wissen&13500&4&0.03\\



   \hline
  \end{tabular}
  
\subcaption{Base Category \label{tab:base}}
}
\hfill
\parbox{.45\linewidth}{
\centering
 \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
           category  &  Views & Clicks & CTR (\%)\\
           \hline

medien&22147&68&0.31\\
politik&68230&170&0.25\\\
berlin&123559&188&0.15\\
weltspiegel&37535&58&0.15\\
sport&28160&36&0.13\\
meinung&4925&5&0.1\\
kultur&23278&21&0.09\\
wissen&15650&10&0.06\\
wirtschaft&32955&15&0.05\\

   \hline
   
  \end{tabular}
  
\subcaption{Recommendation Category \label{tab:reco}}
}
\end{table*}


On the recommendation side, however, it is  \textbf{media} that is the more likely to incur  clicks upon recommendation, followed by  \textbf{politics} and the local category (\textbf{berlin}. The two least performing categories are \textbf{business} and \textbf{education},  similar to the least performing  categories in base. So, overall, it seems that the likelihood of triggering clicks by the categories shows a difference when they are in base or in recommendation.  In general, the  categories have higher CTR scores in recommendation than  in   base. 

To gain further insight, we looked at the CTRs of transitions from base category to recommendation category. The aim of this is to find out whether some base categories are more likely to trigger clicks on some recommendation categories. The results are presented in Table \ref{heatmap}.
Some interesting observations can be seen in the category-to-category transitions. While the highest transition CTRs for the base categories of  \textbf{berlin} and \textbf{politics} are to \textbf{media}, for \textbf{business}, it is to \textbf{opinion}, for \textbf{sport} it is to \textbf{sport}. The highest transition CTR for \textbf{Culture} is to the local category,  \textbf{berlin}, and for \textbf{world} it is to \textbf{politics} followed by to \textbf{berlin}.  \textbf{Media}  is the one that is more likely to trigger clicks  upon recommendation. The local category \textbf{berlin} is the one that is more likely to trigger clicks on diverse recommendation categories. 

\begin{table*}
\centering
\caption{Transition CTR scores from base categories to recommendation categories.  The row categories represent the categories of base items and the column categories represent the recommendation categories. \label{heatmap}}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline


&Berlin&politik&wirtschaft&sport&kultur&weltspiegel&meinung&medien&wissen\\
\hline
berlin&0.14&0.08&0.06&0.05&0.06&0.12&0.12&0.16&0.06\\
politik&0.2&0.39&0.06&0.12&0.04&0.3&0&0.73&0.1\\
wirtschaft&0.15&0.4&0.07&0.13&0.36&0.13&0.46&0.21&0\\
sport&0.14&0.27&0&0.68&0.05&0.18&0&0.27&0.07\\
kultur&0.11&0&0&0.06&0.07&0&0&0.07&0\\
weltspiegel&0.24&0.27&0.06&0.13&0.17&0.13&0&0.4&0.18\\
meinung&0.06&0&0&0&0&0&1.85&0.32&0\\
medien&0.1&0.85&0&0.06&0&0.08&0&0.16&0\\
wissen&0.02&0&0&0&0.11&0.15&0&0&0\\



 \hline
  \end{tabular}
  
\end{table*}








%  For example  if we look at the category of politics , we see that the CTR from politics to politics is the highest than from politics to any other category.  We also observe that the CTR from local category Berlin to politics is higher than from the local category Berlin to any other category including to itself. A little surprising result is the high CTR from media to politics. 

% The way we extracted our recommendations and clciks is a little uncertan. In the Plista setting, when click results are reported to users, they are not known whose recommendations are being clicked. So while we know our recommendation, we do not know for sure how much of the click notifications that we recieve belong to our recommendations. To extract our clciks, we introduced a time frame of 5 minutes. That is if the click notification happens in with in a range of time, in our case 5 minutes, we consider the clcik is on our recommendations. We consider the click information is a bit inflated for users might not stay for more than 5 minutes. While the actual CTR might be a bit inflated as a result of the inflated number of clicks, we consider the relative scores as indicative of the true difference.

% To find out therelationship between base item recommendation pairs that resulted in high CTR scoores, we selected some item-recommendations pairs. To avoid selecting item-recommendation pairs that have very low views and clicks which is usually the type of combination that results in high CTR scores, we first sort our data according to views, and according to clicks. Using  cutt off values, we repeat the intersection until we find the items that have both the highest view and the hight clicks. Using this approach we selected 12 item-recommendation pairs and out of them we selected the 5 pairs that have the highest score. These pairs are presented in Table \ref{}



\subsection{Item-level Base and Recommendation CTRs}
% We look at the two types of item-level CTR's:the base item CTRs and the recommendation CTRs.  The base item CTR measures how likely the base item is to trigger clicks on recommendation. We assume that part if clicking on recommendations is a function of the item the user is reading. this is corroborated by the category-level CTr's that we looked at above in thesense that some categories do not generate clicks. even if the item are from clickable categories. The recommendation CTR's ameasures how likely the item is to recieve a click when recomened to a user regardless of the category of the base item.  But, should we not be concerned about the base item? 


% We plan to extract a sample of base items with  recommended and clicked items and separate them into clicked and rejected recommendations. We then compare the contenet of the clicked items with the contenet of the base item. We also do the same with the rejected items and see if there is any similarities/differences bertween these two categories.  The sepration of clicked and rejected items and comparing them to the base item is similar to the sepration of recommended moviews into viwed and ignored in \cite{nguyen2014exploring}. 
% 
% On the same dataset, there has been a study on the transition probababilities of users on the categories  This study was on genral reading. In this study 1) we repeat the same study on a dataset from a different time and 2) we analyze results in terms of similarity of content with the base items. 
% 
% 
% Question for myself: Is it maybe possible to compute the category CTR's? Like a hitmap of the CTRs where the recommendations are subsidvided to their categories and a CTR is computed? I think so. We can also go durther and look at the contenet similarities. Further, we can look at what type of items trigger more clicks by selecting some items which generated more clicks and analyzing them. 

At the item level, we  investigated whether  %re is a relationship, in triggering clicks on recommendations, between the base items and the recommended items. More specifically, are 
the base items that are more likely to trigger recommendation are also the ones that are more likely to be clicked  upon recommendations. To accomplish this, we first computed the CTRs separately  for base items and recommendation items and then intersected these to find the items that are in both. It is important to state here that we have more items in our recommendations than in our base items. This is  because we are only requested to provide recommendations to some items via the Plista platform, while we could choose from  all items  for  recommendation. Our dataset collected over two month comprises   $\mathit{55708}$  recommended items and $\mathit{18967}$  base items. The intersection resulted in $\mathit{15221}$ items for which we computed CTRs  in base and in recommendation. 

To better visualize the results, we present  two plots. In Figure \ref{fig:view_click_base}, we present  plots generated by sorting the results by base CTR. The blue plot is for base CTR and red plot is for recommendation CTR.  What we observe here is that  the base items that are more likely to trigger clicks on recommendations are mostly also  the items that are more likely to trigger clicks upon their recommendations.There are, however many  items that are more likely to trigger clicks upon their recommendation, but they do not do so as base items. To visualize this better, we also sorted the results by recommendation CTR, and we obtained the plots in Figure \ref{fig:view_click_reco}. We observe here the base items (the blue line) that are more likely to trigger clicks on recommendation are a subset of  the recommendation items that are more likely to trigger clicks upon their recommendation. So from the overlap in the plots, we can conclude that for most of the items their ability to trigger clicks on recommendation as base items is indicative of their attractiveness as recommendation items. It seems, however, not the case that the ability to incur clicks upon recommendation is indicative of the ability to trigger clicks as a base item.    %The discrepancy we observe might have to do with the fact that we had a limited access to  base items while we have a full access to the items for recommendation. 


 \begin{figure} [t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{img/base_reco_ctr_sorted_by_base-crop.pdf}


\caption{CTRs of base items (blue) and of recommended items (red) generated by first sorting by base CTR. The high-scoring recommendation items do not follow the high-scoring base items. \label{fig:view_click_base}}
\end{figure}



 \begin{figure} [t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{img/base_reco_ctr_sorted_by_reco-crop.pdf}


\caption{CTRs of  base items (blue) and of recommended items (red) generated by first sorting by recommendation CTR. The high-scoring base items are mostly a subset of the high-scoring recommendation items.  \label{fig:view_click_reco}}
\end{figure}





\section{Discussion and Conclusion}

In this study, we attempted to explain the factors that trigger  clicks on recommendations. We specifically investigated whether  clicks on recommendations are a function of the base items, or a function of the recommended items. We attempted to explain that by looking at the categories of items and the transitions between the categories. We found that indeed the category of the items explains some of the discrepancy between the likelihoods of triggering clicks both as base items and recommendation items in the sense that some base categories and some recommendation categories are more likely to trigger clicks than others.

There is, however,  a difference between the categories in their likelihood to trigger clicks as  base category and as recommendation category. As base category, the politics category is the most likely to trigger clicks on recommendations followed by media. In recommendations, however, it is the media followed by politics that trigger clicks upon their recommendation. The results suggest that  click on recommendation is a function of both the base items and the recommended items. This is indicated by the fact that some categories are less or more  likely to generate clicks on recommendation whether as base or as recommendation. This suggests that  leveraging category information holds a potential for improving the performance of a recommender system.  The results also show that the performance of the categories as base and recommendations are not exactly aligned. This non-alignment was also observed at the item-level in that there were many items that were more likely to trigger clicks as recommendation, but not as base. 

The investigation of the transitions between categories suggests that recommendation can be improved by recommending some categories to those categories where they are more likely to get clicked. For example, we observe that it is more likely to receive clicks if we recommend media items to the  politics category and to the local category (berlin). Similarly, we observe that recommending sports items to sports items is much more likely to trigger clicks. %These results suggest that there is a way to improve recommender system by leveraging category information of items. 



We hope that this work can contribute to the understanding of factors affecting recommender systems. We have shown that category-level information can take us a long way in explaining a clicks on a recommendations. Item level information also showed that there is a relationship between base items that are more likely to trigger clicks and those recommendation items that are more likely to trigger clicks upon their recommendation. This all suggests that leveraging information at both the category and item levels might hold a potential for improving recommender systems. As a future work, we would like to investigate the factors that lead to clicks on recommendation using a larger  dataset and at the content level of the  items. 


% An idea, maybe show the variance of the categories in terms of their CTR? Another thing we can do is to explore the high achieving base itemsand the high achiving recommended itesm and see if they are some how the same items. We also do similar thing with lowe achving base item and recommended items. Is this holds, then clearly it indicates that a big factor is not about the current context, but just the nature of the items themselves, both ion the base items, and in the recommended items.  This is going to gold , as it already shows in the groups. But, we can also zoom in on the politics items and see if that holds too. Another thing we can consider is find base items and recommended items with big variance and study them with the view to finding the causes in terms of categories and also in terms of contenet. The variance of a recommendation item tells us information that is it is recommended to some values it makes sense, but if to others, it does not. This can also be studied at a particlat group's 






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